PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS

in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest art academy and museum in the United States, founded 1805. Specializing in American painting and sculpture of the 18th to the 20th century, the Academy's Art Museum was built between 1872 and 1876 according to designs by architect Frank Furness (18391912). The building's architectural style is high Victorian. For its centennial year (1976), which coincided with the U.S. Bicentennial, the museum underwent a complete renovation. The museum's collections of 19th- and 20th-century American landscape and genre paintings include pieces by such artists as Mary Cassatt, Thomas Eakins, Robert Motherwell, Charles Willson Peale, and Andrew Wyeth. A 12,000-volume library of art history focuses primarily on American painting and sculpture. Additional reading Still an excellent source for information about many aspects of the state is Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State (1940, reissued 1979). A detailed work on Pennsylvania's geography is Raymond E. Murphy and Marion Murphy, Pennsylvania (1937). Useful geographic reference works are DeLorme Mapping Company, Pennsylvania Atlas & Gazetteer, 5th ed. (1999); David J. Cuff et al. (eds.), The Atlas of Pennsylvania (1989); and Paul F. Rizza and James C. Hughes, Pennsylvania Atlas: A Thematic Atlas of the Keystone State, rev. 2nd ed. (1982). On the people of Pennsylvania, there are many interesting studies, among them John A. Hostetler, Amish Society, 3rd ed. (1980); and William T. Parsons, The Pennsylvania Dutch: A Persistent Minority (1976). Geography and local history is detailed in A. Howry Espenshade, Pennsylvania Place Names (1925, reprinted 1998). Articles on historic and modern people and places, on arts and crafts, and on Pennsylvania genealogy are featured in Pennsylvania Magazine (bimonthly).Historical works include Thomas C. Cochran, Pennsylvania: A Bicentennial History (1978); Philip S. Klein and Ari Hoogenboom, A History of Pennsylvania, 2nd enlarged ed. (1980); Joseph E. Illick, Colonial Pennsylvania (1976); Joseph J. Kelley, Pennsylvania: The Colonial Years, 16811776 (1980); and Sylvester K. Stevens, Pennsylvania: Birthplace of a Nation (1964), and Pennsylvania: The Keystone State, 2 vol. (1956). Ongoing research is published in Pennsylvania History (quarterly); and The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (quarterly). Carol Lewis Thompson The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica