PINKERTON, ALLAN

born Aug. 25, 1819, Glasgow died July 1, 1884, Chicago detective and founder of a famous American private detective agency. Pinkerton was the son of a police sergeant. After completing his apprenticeship to a cooper, he emigrated to the United States in 1842 and settled in Chicago. Moving the next year to the nearby town of Dundee in Kane County, he set up a cooper's shop there. While cutting wood on a deserted island one day, he discovered and later captured a gang of counterfeiters. Following this and other similar achievements, he was appointed deputy sheriff of Kane County in 1846 and soon afterward deputy sheriff of Cook County, with headquarters in Chicago. In 1850 Pinkerton resigned from Chicago's new police force in order to organize a private detective agency that specialized in railway theft cases. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency became one of the most famous organizations of its kind. Its successes included capture of the principals in a $700,000 Adams Express Company theft in 1866 and the thwarting of an assassination plot against President-elect Lincoln in February 1861 in Baltimore. In 1861, working for the Union during the Civil War, Pinkerton, under the name E.J. Allen, headed an organization whose purpose it was to obtain military information in the Southern states. After the Civil War Pinkerton resumed the management of his detective agency. From 1873 to 1876 one of his detectives, James McParlan, lived among the Molly Maguires in Pennsylvania and secured evidence that led to the breaking up of this organization of coal miners supposedly engaged in terrorism. During the strikes of 1877 the Pinkerton Agency's harsh policy toward labour unions caused it to be severely criticized in labour circles, although Pinkerton asserted he was helping workingmen by opposing labour unions. Pinkerton wrote The Molly Maguires and the Detectives (1877); The Spy of the Rebellion (1883), his account of Lincoln's journey to Washington in 1861; and Thirty Years a Detective (1884).