POLE VAULT

sport in track-and-field athletics in which an athlete jumps over an obstacle with the aid of a pole. Originally a practical means of clearing objects, such as ditches, brooks, and fences, pole-vaulting for height became a competitive sport in the mid-19th century. An Olympic event for men since the first modern Games in 1896, a pole-vault event for women was added for the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. In competition, each vaulter is given three chances to clear a specified height. A bar rests on two uprights so that it will fall easily if touched. It is raised progressively until a winner emerges by process of elimination. Ties are broken by a count back based on fewest failures at the final height, fewest failures in the whole contest, or fewest attempts throughout the contest. The pole may be of any material: bamboo poles, introduced in 1904, quickly became more popular than heavier wooden poles; glass fibre became the most effective and popular by the early 1960s. The poles may be of any length or diameter. Dimensions of the pole-vaulting (top left) box, (centre) crossbar and landing cushion, and (bottom) A slideway, or box, is sunk into the ground with its back placed directly below the crossbar (see illustration). The vaulter thrusts the pole into this box upon leaving the ground. A pit at least 5 metres (16 feet 5 inches) square and filled with soft, cushioning material is provided behind the crossbar for the landing. Requirements of the athlete include a high degree of coordination, timing, speed, and gymnastic ability. The modern vaulter makes a run of about 40 metres (130 feet) while carrying the pole and approaches the takeoff with great speed. As the stride before the spring is completed, the vaulter performs the shift, which consists in advancing the pole toward the slideway and at the same time allowing the lower hand to slip up the pole until it reaches the upper hand, then raising both hands as high above the head as possible before leaving the ground. The vaulter is thus able to exert the full pulling power of both arms to raise the body and help swing up the legs. The vaulter plants the pole firmly in the box, and, running off the ground (rather than jumping), the vaulter's body is left hanging by the hands as long as possible; the quick, catapulting action of the glass-fibre pole makes timing especially important. The legs swing upward and to the side of the pole, and then shoot high above the crossbar. The body twists to face downward. The vaulter's body travels across the crossbar by carrythe forward speed acquired from the run.