SAND CREEK MASSACRE

also called Chivington Massacre (Nov. 29, 1864), controversial surprise attack upon a surrendered, partially disarmed Cheyenne Indian camp in southeastern Colorado Territory by a force of about 1,200 U.S. troops, mostly Colorado volunteers, under Colonel John M. Chivington. The camp contained several hundred Cheyenne and a few Arapaho. The Cheyenne chief Black Kettle had been negotiating for peace and had camped near Fort Lyon with the consent of its commander, Major Scott Anthony. As the attack began, Black Kettle raised the U.S. flag as well as a white flag, but anywhere from 150 to 500 Indians were massacred, including many women and children. Chivington was at first acclaimed for his victory, but he was subsequently discredited when it became clear that he had perpetrated a massacre. The incident was a chief cause of the Arapaho-Cheyenne war that followed and had far-reaching influence in the Plains Indian wars of the next decade.