SHABUNDER

also spelled Shabandar, Persian Shahbandar, in the Malay states, the official who supervised merchants, controlled the port, and collected customs duties. Although the title shabunder was of Persian-Arabic origin, the position itself existed on the Malay Peninsula prior to the coming of Islamic traders. To handle the greatly increased commerce in the 15th-century Malacca sultanate, four shabunders were appointed to oversee traders from four regions: the Malay Archipelago, China, and western and southeastern India. Usually these officials were aliens, from the country whose trade they supervised in Malacca. Because foreign trade was the basis of the sultanate's prosperity, the shabunders were important officials; they became included among the eight major chiefs who ranked just below the powerful inner Council of Four that advised the sultan. As salary, they received a significant commission on the port duties they collected. After the decline of Malacca the office of shabunder developed in all Malayan states and continued to function until British bureaucrats took over in the late 19th century.