ULAMA

also spelled ulema, Arabic 'ulama' the learned of Islam, those who possess the quality of 'ilm, learning, in its widest sense. From the 'ulama', who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences, come the religious teachers of the Islamic communitytheologians (mutakallimun), canon lawyers (muftis), judges (qadis), professorsand high state religious officials like the shaikh al-Islam. In a narrower sense, 'ulama' may refer to a council of learned men holding government appointments in a Muslim state. Historically, the 'ulama' have been a powerful class, and in early Islam it was their consensus (ijma') on theological and juridical problems that determined the communal practices of future generations. Their authority over the community was so pervasive that Muslim governments always attempted to secure their support; in the Ottoman and Mughal empires they sometimes decisively influenced important policies. Although there is no priesthood in Islam, and every believer may perform priestly functions such as leading the liturgical prayer, the 'ulama' have played a clerical role in Islamic society. Hence they are sometimes referred to as the Muslim priests. In modern times the 'ulama' have gradually lost ground to the new Western-educated classes; although they have been abolished in Turkey, their hold on the conservative masses in the rest of the Muslim world remains firm. One of the most crucial problems facing 20th-century Islam has been the integration of the 'ulama' and the modern laity.