UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS, THE

(USMC) separate military service within the U.S. Department of the Navy, charged with the provision of marine troops for seizure and defense of advanced bases and with conducting operations on land and in the air incident to naval campaigns. It is also responsible for providing detachments for service aboard certain types of naval vessels, as well as security forces for naval shore installations and U.S. diplomatic missions in foreign countries. The corps specializes in amphibious landings, such as those undertaken against Japanese-held islands in the Pacific during World War II. The Marine Corps was founded in 1775, when the Continental Congress ordered that two battalions of Marines be raised for service as landing forces with the fleet. Marines have participated in all wars of the United States, being in most instances first, or among the first, to fight. In addition, Marines have executed more than 300 landings on foreign shores and served in every major U.S. naval action since 1775. The U.S. Marine Corps is structured according to the National Security Act of 1947 and its amendments of 1952. The commandant of the corps has coequal status with members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in all matters pertaining to the corps. The corps is composed of two operating forces, the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC) and the Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic (FMFLANT); a supporting establishment for recruitment, training, supply logistics, and maintenance of bases, installations, and schools; and the Marine Corps Reserve. The Marine Corps emblem is the Western Hemisphere superimposed on a foul anchor and surmounted by a spread eagle. The Corps motto is Semper Fidelis (Latin: Always Faithful), which is also the title of the Corps march, composed by John Philip Sousa. Perhaps even more familiar is The Marines' Hymn. The Marine Band, the oldest musical organization in the U.S. armed forces, is known as The President's Own because of its privilege of performing at all state functions at the White House. The official colours of the Corps are scarlet and gold, but forest green enjoys semiofficial recognition. The distinctive dress-blue uniform of Marines, with its standing collar, is well known, whereas the forest-green service uniform bespeaks the original status of the Corps as light infantry. From the standing collardescended from the tall leather neckpiece of the 18th- and 19th-century uniformcomes the traditional nickname for Marines of leathernecks. In naval formations, Marines have the privilege of forming on the right of line or at the head of column, the traditional places of honour and seniority.