VAMPIRE

in popular legend, a bloodsucking creature, supposedly the restless soul of a heretic, criminal, or suicide, that leaves its burial place at night, often in the form of a bat, to drink the blood of humans. By daybreak it must return to its grave or to a coffin filled with its native earth. Its victims become vampires after death. Although the belief in vampires was widespread over Asia and Europe, it was primarily a Slavic and Hungarian legend, with reports proliferating in Hungary from 1730 to 1735. Among the various demons of ancient folk tradition, the vampire has enjoyed the most conspicuous and continual literary success in the 20th century, owing initially to the popularity of the gothic novel Dracula (1897) by the Irish author Bram Stoker. Count Dracula, its undead villain from Transylvania, became the representative type of vampire. The novel, a play (1927), and a popular series of films made vampire lore common currency. Tod Browning's classic film Dracula (1931), starring Bela Lugosi, set the pattern for dozens of vampire movies. In the late 20th century, the best-selling vampire novels of American writer Anne Rice sparked a revival of vampire-themed movies and television shows. Typically the vampire had a pallid face, staring eyes, and protruding incisor teeth and fed by biting and sucking blood from the victim's throat. Methods for recognizing vampires (they cast no shadow and are not reflected in mirrors) and for warding them off (by displaying a crucifix or sleeping with a wreath of garlic around one's neck) are known to every schoolchild. Vampires can be put to final rest by driving a stake through their hearts, by burning them, or by destroying their daytime resting places.