VISCONTI-VENOSTA, EMILIO, MARCHESE

(Marquess) born Jan. 22, 1829, Milan [now in Italy] died Nov. 24, 1914, Rome Italian statesman whose political-diplomatic career of more than 50 years spanned Italian history from the Risorgimento to the power politics of World War I. A youthful participant in the revolutionary movement against Austrian rule that began in 1848, Visconti-Venosta was forced in 1859 to flee to Piedmont; he served the government there in a diplomatic capacity during the War of Italian Independence (185960) that unified most of Italy under the PiedmontSavoy dynasty. By 1863 he had become minister of foreign affairs of the new Italy. Falling from power because of his part in concluding the Convention of 1864 (in which France agreed to withdraw its troops from Rome in return for moving the Italian capital from Turin to Florence), he briefly became ambassador to Turkey before returning to the Foreign Ministry for the Six Weeks' War of 1866a portfolio he briefly lost but resumed from 1869 to 1876, during which period Rome was the national capital. For the next 20 years he was out of the government as a man of the right; the disastrous Battle of Adwa (1896) in Ethiopia, which compromised the foreign policy of the left ministry, brought a new government in which Visconti-Venosta was again foreign minister. In the altered diplomatic world to which he returned, he undertook to improve Italy's relations with France in order to reduce dependence on Germany and Austria-Hungary, Italy's partners in the Triple Alliance. He negotiated an agreement in 1896 by which Italy recognized the French protectorate over Tunisia in return for a guarantee of the rights of Italians in Tunisia. After a year out of office he returned in May 1899 and continued the policy of rapprochement with France, paving the way for the agreement of 1902 by which Italy and France conceded each other a free hand in Morocco and Libya, respectively. He was the Italian delegate to the Algeciras Conference of 1906. By the time of his death, Visconti-Venosta had seen his pro-French policy produce two gains, first the Italian occupation of Libya after the war with Turkey in 191112 and, more significantly, Italy's neutral posture on the outbreak of World War I.