WILSON, EDMUND

born May 8, 1895, Red Bank, N.J., U.S. died June 12, 1972, Talcottville, N.Y. American critic and essayist recognized as the leading critic of his time. Educated at Princeton, Wilson moved from newspaper reporting in New York to become managing editor of Vanity Fair (192021) and associate editor of The New Republic (192631). Wilson's first critical work, Axel's Castle (1931), was an important international survey of the Symbolist poets. During this period, Wilson was married for a time to writer Mary McCarthy. His next major book, To the Finland Station (1940), was a historical study of the thinkers who laid the groundwork for the Russian Revolution. Much of these two books originally appeared in the pages of The New Republic. Until late in 1940 he was a contributor to that periodical, and much of his work for it was collected in Travels in Two Democracies (1936), dialogues, essays, and a short story about the Soviet Union and the United States; The Triple Thinkers (1938), which dealt with writers involved in multiple meanings; The Wound and the Bow (1941), about art and neurosis; and The Boys in the Back Room (1941), a discussion of such new American novelists as John Steinbeck and James M. Cain. From 1944 to 1948 Wilson regularly reviewed books for The New Yorker, and major articles by him appeared in the magazine until the year of his death, including serialization of Upstate: Records and Recollections of Northern New York (1972), a collection from his journals. After World War II Wilson wrote The Scrolls from the Dead Sea (1955), for which he learned to read Hebrew; Red, Black, Blond and Olive: Studies in Four Civilizations: Zuni, Haiti, Soviet Russia, Israel (1956); Apologies to the Iroquois (1960); Patriotic Gore (1962), an analysis of American Civil War literature; and O Canada: An American's Notes on Canadian Culture (1965). In this period five volumes of his magazine pieces were collected: Europe Without Baedeker (1947), Classics and Commercials (1950), The Shores of Light (1952), The American Earthquake (1958), and The Bit Between My Teeth (1965). In other works Wilson gave evidence of his crotchety character: A Piece of My Mind: Reflections at Sixty (1956), The Cold War and the Income Tax (1963), and The Fruits of the MLA (1968), a lengthy attack on the Modern Language Association's editions of American authors, which he felt buried their subjects in pedantry. His plays are in part collected in Five Plays (1954) and in The Duke of Palermo and Other Plays with an Open Letter to Mike Nichols (1969). His poems appear in Notebooks of Night (1942) and in Night Thoughts (1961); an early collection, Poets, Farewell, appeared in 1929. Memoirs of Hecate County (1946) is a collection of short stories that encountered censorship problems when it first appeared. Wilson edited the posthumous papers and notebooks of his friend F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Crack-Up (1945), and also edited the novel The Last Tycoon (1941), which Fitzgerald had left uncompleted at his death. Wilson wrote one novel himself, I Thought of Daisy (1929). The Twenties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, edited by Leon Edel, was published posthumously in 1975. His widow Elena edited Letters on Literature and Politics 19121972 (1977), and his correspondence with Vladimir Nabokov, the novelist, appeared in 1979. Wilson concerned himself with both literary and social themes and wrote as historian, poet, novelist, editor, and short-story writer. He covered a multitude of subjects, probing each with an expansiveness that was firmly rooted in scholarship and common sense, and he expressed his views in a prose style noted for its clarity and precision. His critical writings on the American novelists Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and William Faulkner attracted public interest to their early work and guided opinion toward their acceptance. Additional reading Studies of his life and works include Jeffrey Meyers, Edmund Wilson: A Biography (1995); Richard Hauer Costa, Edmund Wilson (1980), a memoir of his last decade; George H. Douglas, Edmund Wilson's America (1983); David Castronovo, Edmund Wilson (1984); and Janet Groth, Edmund Wilson: A Critic for Our Time (1989).