INDEX:
1. and/also
2. ways of adding something to what you have just said
3. ways of saying 'and others’ at the end of a list
RELATED WORDS
including something or someone : ↑ INCLUDE/NOT INCLUDE (4)
see also
↑ WITH/TOGETHER
↑ ADD
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1. and/also
▷ and / ə nd, ə n, strong ænd/ [conjunction]
use this to join two things, actions, ideas etc in one sentence or in one part of a sentence :
▪ We had coffee and hot buttered rolls.
▪ Come in and sit down.
▪ Maria finally turned around and confronted the man.
▪ ‘We’ve got about ten friends coming to the party.’ ‘And half of your family.’
▪ This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.
▷ also /ˈɔːlsəʊ/ [adverb]
use this when you are adding another fact about someone or something, or when mentioning another person or thing :
▪ François speaks perfect English. He also speaks German and Italian.
▪ Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart disease.
▪ Chris came from England. Martin also.
not only .... but also
▪ Meissner was not only commander of the army but also a close friend of the President.
▷ too /tuː/ [adverb]
use this when you are adding another fact about someone or something. Too is usually used at the end of a sentence :
▪ Gary and Martha and the kids are coming to visit. They’re bringing grandmother, too.
▪ It’s fast and comfortable. It’s economical, too.
▷ besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ [preposition/adverb]
in addition to what you are mentioning :
▪ Besides being my doctor, he’s a really good friend of mine.
▪ Martina’s got other things to think about besides work.
▪ She’s bought a fridge, a freezer, a microwave, and lots of other things besides.
▪ Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she rides horses on Saturdays.
▷ as well /əz ˈwel/ [adverb]
at the same time as something else :
▪ While you’re at the store, could you get a few things for me as well?
▪ Our vacation was a disaster: not only was the food terrible, the weather was awful as well.
as well as
▪ As well as being a community worker, he’s a fully qualified nurse.
▷ in addition (to) /ɪn əˈdɪʃ ə n (tuː)/ [adverb]
use this when you are adding a fact that makes an amount of money, work, information etc even larger :
▪ We’ll have to pay $800 travel insurance in addition to the air fare.
▪ In addition to their normal teaching duties, teachers these days have stacks of paperwork to do.
▪ Our survey will produce the essential statistics. In addition, it will provide information about people’s shopping habits.
2. ways of adding something to what you have just said
▷ what’s more /ˌwɒts ˈmɔːʳ/ [adverb] spoken
use this to add something, especially something that gives more force to what you have just said :
▪ What’s more this stuff is cheap to manufacture so we should make a big profit.
and what’s more
▪ The prisoner has a gun, and what’s more he’s prepared to use it.
▷ besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ [adverb] spoken
use this especially when you are giving another reason for something :
▪ I don’t mind picking up your things from the store. Besides, the walk will do me good.
▪ Sonya says she couldn’t get here through all the snow. Besides, her car’s broken down.
▷ by the way/incidentally /ˌbaɪ ðə ˈweɪ, ˌɪnsə̇ˈdent ə li/ [adverb]
use this when you want to change the subject and talk about something else you have thought of or remembered. Incidentally is more formal than by the way :
▪ How is she, by the way? I hear she’s been ill.
▪ I’ll meet you at eight o'clock. Oh, by the way, could you ask John to come too?
▪ The course is organized by Sheila Dean who, by the way, is head of marketing now.
▪ Incidentally, these products can be dangerous if used carelessly.
▪ He was offered a raise of 18% which, incidentally, is double what the rest of us got.
▷ btw [adverb] informal
an abbreviation for ‘by the way’, used especially in e-mail messages when you want to add some news at the end of a message :
▪ BTW, I got a message from Andy. He’s getting married in June.
▷ not to mention /ˌnɒt tə ˈmenʃ ə n/ [preposition]
use this to introduce something that makes the situation more interesting, more surprising, worse etc :
▪ There will be live music and food, not to mention games and prizes for the whole family!
▪ Climbers have to carry all their equipment on their backs, not to mention their tents and bedding.
▪ Several rare South American mammals escaped from the zoo, not to mention a three-metre-long python.
▷ furthermore/moreover /ˌfɜːðəˈmɔːʳǁˈfɜːrðərmɔːr, mɔːrˈəʊvəʳ/ [adverb] formal
use this especially to introduce more information that will help persuade people to agree with what you are saying :
▪ This new equipment will be very expensive to set up. Furthermore, more machines will mean fewer jobs.
▪ The drug has powerful side effects. Moreover, it can be addictive.
▷ on top of /ɒn ˈtɒp ɒvǁ-ˈtɑːp-/ [adverb]
as well as other problems or bad things you have just mentioned :
▪ On top of all this the management has decided to make us come in on Saturdays.
▪ ... and on top of everything else my TV’s broken.
▷ and another thing /ənd əˈnʌðəʳ θɪŋ/ [adverb] spoken
use this at the beginning of a sentence to show you are going to add something else to what you have just said, especially when you are complaining about something :
▪ And another thing! Where’s the fifty dollars you owe me?
3. ways of saying 'and others’ at the end of a list
▷ etc British /etc. American /et ˈset ə rə/
an abbreviation for et cetera used at the end of a short list to mean ‘and others of a similar kind’. When you say etc you pronounce it ‘et cetera’ :
▪ Near the exit was a stand selling sandwiches, hot dogs etc.
▪ Please bring pens, pencils, rulers etc to the exam.
▷ and so on /ənd səʊ ˈɒn/ informal
used when you expect someone to guess what the other things are :
▪ When you leave, make sure you lock the doors and windows, turn off the heating and so on.
and so on and so forth
▪ Jake does odd jobs around the house - mowing the lawn, cleaning the windows and so on and so forth.
▷ or/and whatever /ɔːʳ, ənd wɒtˈevəʳǁ-wɑːt-/ informal
used when someone is making a choice and can have what they want :
▪ Please help yourselves to tea or coffee or whatever.
▪ The canteen isn’t bad, you can have a salad, some soup and whatever.
▪ If I buy him a giftvoucher for his birthday he can get what he likes, a record or whatever.
▷ and suchlike /ənd ˈsʌtʃlaɪk/ British
and other things of a similar kind :
▪ You could spend the day doing the garden, cleaning the windows and suchlike.
▪ A fertilizer ideal for trees, bushes and suchlike.