adjective
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a chronic condition (= continuing for a long time and not possible to cure )
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People with chronic medical conditions need long-term care.
a chronic disease (= continuing for a long time and not possible to cure )
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Chronic disease is sometimes seen as an inevitable part of being old.
a chronic shortage (= very bad and existing for a long time )
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There is a chronic shortage of housing in rural areas.
a habitual/chronic/inveterate liar formal (= who lies a lot )
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Drug users are often habitual liars trying to cover up their addiction.
chronic fatigue syndrome
chronic pain (= pain that you suffer from for long periods of time )
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Many of the elderly patients suffer chronic pain.
chronic (= that lasts a long time, and cannot be cured )
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Diabetes is an example of a chronic illness.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
alcoholic
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The sleep patterns of chronic alcoholics are usually quite abnormal.
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Even after chronic alcoholics give up booze, their sleep problems may not end.
bronchitis
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The man had a history of chronic bronchitis .
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Proponents say the changes will prevent 8,300 premature deaths each year-5,500 cases of chronic bronchitis and 360,000 asthma attacks.
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Ten percent of Krakow's children suffer from chronic bronchitis .
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For chronic bronchitis , 20 times.
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At times this was very difficult for him because he had chronic bronchitis and therefore coughed a great deal.
condition
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It is known, rather alarmingly, as a chronic condition .
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If you have a chronic condition that has made it difficult to exercise, this may be the ticket.
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Despite the increased difficulties, trials have been carried out on the effects of homoeopathy in a chronic condition - rheumatoid arthritis.
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The study predicts the biggest health problems of the next 25 years to be those chronic conditions which largely affect the elderly.
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No data exist for outcome of the untreated chronic condition followed for more than five years.
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People need to look at it as a chronic condition , much as we look at high blood pressure.
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But there are chronic conditions which mean longer stays.
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In addition, these meals provide almost no fiber, important for preventing many chronic conditions from cancer to constipation.
constipation
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The rich eat too much meat and suffer from chronic constipation , diseases of the bowel, gout, and bladder stones.
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Indeed, his only problem seems to have been chronic constipation .
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We found that chronic constipation in young children can persist for many years.
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Symptoms of chronic constipation persisted in one third of our patients, 3-12 years after initial evaluation and treatment.
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This risk is particularly important in view of the wide abuse of self administered laxatives for chronic constipation .
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By contrast, in patients with chronic constipation fasting transit of marker was not recorded.
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Patients with idiopathic chronic constipation have a decreased number and duration of giant migrating complexes than healthy controls.
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For many patients with severe chronic constipation no cause can be found, hence the condition is labelled as idiopathic.
diarrhoea
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Children who are malnourished with chronic diarrhoea have defective gastric acid secretion.
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Cryptosporidium is a cause of chronic diarrhoea and a proximal small intestinal mucosal enteropathy in children without immune deficiency.
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Twenty eight patients with chronic diarrhoea were included in the study.
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They include poor growth, recurrent chest infections, chronic diarrhoea and skin infections.
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Screening for the parasite should be part of the investigative procedures in children with chronic diarrhoea .
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Twenty nine percent of cases had a mixed infection, and chronic diarrhoea was more frequent in these patients.
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Indeed, chronic diarrhoea has been an infrequently reported finding in studies of immunocompetent children with Cryptosporidium.
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We have previously reported two cases associated with chronic diarrhoea , failure to thrive and a proximal small intestinal enteropathy.
disease
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Certainly such pressures and demands point to the need to make both prevention and treatment of chronic diseases a priority.
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The women featured in the article are reducing their risk of chronic disease by exercising and by eating a balanced diet.
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Eventually the recovery becomes incomplete and we can see the gradual emergence of chronic disease .
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With chronic diseases , in particular, it is important to have a good prevalence measure.
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Plainly not everyone has to be subject to chronic disease .
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For a deeper cure this can be followed up with the constitutional remedy. 12 Can homoeopathy help with chronic disease ?
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The poor die young - before they can contract the chronic diseases that dearly cost national health schemes.
fatigue
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Survivors still complain of ailments ranging from breathlessness, chronic fatigue and stomach pain to cardiac problems and tuberculosis.
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In fact, very little about chronic fatigue syndrome has achieved medical consensus, not even the name.
gastritis
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After eradication of H pylori, duodenal ulcers do not usually recur and the associated chronic gastritis gradually disappears.
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Histological examination of these areas at this time confirmed a chronic gastritis and atrophic gastric mucosa.
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The prevalence of active chronic gastritis and subsequent gastric atrophy increases with age.
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All infected subjects had active chronic gastritis on histological examination.
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Perhaps additional factors such as alcoholism, chronic gastritis , and chronic use of drugs are responsible in some cases.
health
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However, it is clear that chronic health problems appear to increase with age.
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In considering patterns of morbidity both within and between populations it is usual to distinguish between acute and chronic health problems.
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Seven out of 10 people don't have enough food, leading to more disease and other chronic health problems.
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Both estimates suggest a significant increase in the numbers of elderly with chronic health problems in the early decades of next century.
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The morbidity data presented demonstrated higher prevalence of chronic health problems among women as compared with men.
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How well does older people's overall rating of their health status compare with the prevalence of acute and chronic health problems?
hepatitis
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It has been repeatedly reported that smooth muscle antibodies of autoimmune chronic hepatitis are directed to cell actin.
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Both reactivities are in fact uncommon in autoimmune chronic hepatitis .
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The mechanism responsible for secretion or intracellular retention of pre-S peptides in chronic hepatitis B virus infection is uncertain.
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Over half the patients who acquire acute hepatitis C virus infection develop chronic hepatitis.
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Patients with chronic hepatitis C should be counselled in the light of our current understanding.
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Of particular interest is the relationship between autoimmune chronic hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection.
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Indeed, chronic hepatitis C accounts for many adults referred for liver transplantation.
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The association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma has been described, although the exact oncogenic mechanism is unknown.
illness
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Such elders may have given positive meaning to experiences of anxiety, poverty, chronic illness , multiple losses and death.
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You can need long-term care because of a disabling accident or a chronic illness .
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Older people can quickly become dispirited and depressed by chronic illness .
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Difficulty adapting to a chronic illness 2.
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The events of the last year had left her mentally drained while she was physically exhausted because of her chronic illness .
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Marijuana is said to alleviate painful side effects of treatment for some chronic illnesses .
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They must remember that anorexia nervosa is often a chronic illness .
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Healthy people can contract necrotizing fasciitis, but people with chronic illnesses or open wounds are more susceptible.
infection
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Other groups with possible relative deficiency would be those with malabsorption and acute or chronic infection .
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Examples include patients with chronic infections , inflammation, malignancies, and liver disease.
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Many of these diseases take the form of persistent or chronic infections .
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Mild hypercalcemia has been reported in chronic infections such as tuberculosis and some fungal diseases.
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There were no IgA antibodies to Giardia heat shock antigen, however, in any of these children with chronic infection .
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In addition, these patients with chronic infection unlike those who clear the infection have no IgA response to Giardia heat shock antigen.
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Little is known of the fundamental aspects of the immunology of chronic infection versus acute infection in giardiasis.
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Hypogammaglobulinemia and depressed IgG to surface antigens of Giardia have been suggested as factors contributing to chronic infection .
inflammation
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Again, biopsies showed only chronic inflammation .
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This was characterised by moderate active chronic inflammation in the lamina propria.
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Biopsies of the pouches of all these patients were reported as showing active chronic inflammation .
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Biopsies showed chronic inflammation but no evidence of malignancy.
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Doctors call this reaction chronic inflammation to distinguish it from the immediate, acute reaction or injury or allergy.
liver
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Splenomegaly, ascites, and extrahepatic symptoms of chronic liver disease were notably absent.
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Discussion Portal hypertension usually complicates the evolution of chronic liver diseases.
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This caution can not be overstated in light of the decreased glomerular filtration often present in chronic liver failure.
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As controls, cryptogenic cases of chronic liver disease - that is without ANA-H or SMA-AA, were similarly studied.
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The diagnosis of chronic liver disease was made by accepted clinical, serological and histological criteria.
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They may be appropriate, however, in patients where the history or examination points to systemic disease such as chronic liver disease.
pain
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They paint a dismal picture for patients suffering from chronic pain .
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Patients with muscle-contraction headaches often report chronic pain of long duration.
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Physiological addiction may occur after repeated use of analgesics for relief from chronic pain .
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Ones that enhance the serotonin effects are often helpful in chronic pain disorders.
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These drugs have proved effective in other chronic pain syndromes.
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Supporters called it an effort to help the ill obtain marijuana to relieve nausea, chronic pain and other maladies.
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It is useful to distinguish acute from chronic pain .
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Replace it with a picture of an elderly woman in a wheelchair desiring relief from chronic pain .
pancreatitis
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Unfortunately, acute and chronic pancreatitis could not be separated in the discharge statistics before 1977.
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According to international multicentre surveys by the Sarles' group, chronic pancreatitis has been found predominantly in two types of countries.
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More recent population based studies from the Copenhagen area in the early and late 1970s showed 7-10/100000 incidence of chronic pancreatitis .
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Approximately 80% of chronic pancreatitis discharges were men.
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A patient with chronic pancreatitis is described in whom thrombosis of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm occurred.
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This finding challenges the notion that carbohydrate malabsorption is uncommon in patients with chronic pancreatitis .
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We report on a case of thrombosis of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm complicating chronic pancreatitis .
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Discussion Arterial pseudoaneurysms are not uncommon with acute or, more often, chronic pancreatitis especially when pseudocysts are present.
problem
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Parents needed to be reassured that, although it is a significant chronic problem , it is not life threatening.
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Cost overruns for overtime for both the police and fire departments has been a chronic problem for years.
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It brought to light chronic problems with staff and aging equipment.
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Tardiness, once a chronic problem , has abated.
shortage
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One reason may be the chronic shortage of funds that requires many rural schools to make up their budgets by irregular means.
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This religious ban compounded the chronic shortage of grazing land.
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Increasingly widespread use probably accentuated a chronic shortage of coin.
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The chronic shortage of currency for the acquisition of contemporary foreign publications has been cited as justification.
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But still there was a chronic shortage of trained crews.
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Meanwhile, there is a chronic shortage of funds.
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Why did this chronic shortage of rural council housing persist?
sickness
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Let us turn now to the relationship between the chronic sickness and mortality rates.
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Worst of all was the high incidence of epidemics, chronic sickness , and malnutrition.
unemployment
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Even the least sophisticated found it easy to blame the chronic unemployment which afflicted Britain on the war.
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The depression of the late 1920s and chronic unemployment appeared to confirm Malthusian pessimism.
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But it remains to be seen whether this will exacerbate chronic unemployment or solve it.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
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chronic unemployment
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California is trying to cope with chronic water shortages.
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China has a chronic shortage of capital, so it must encourage saving.
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He suffers from chronic asthma.
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Steen suffers from chronic high blood pressure.
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the chronic decay of the inner city areas
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We need to take steps to counter the chronic decline in our export market.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
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Her injuries have left her with chronic migraine headaches, seizures, insomnia, nausea and short-term memory loss.
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In the chronic disease eggs are present and L3 can be identified following faecal culture.
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In women, chronic use of alcohol reduces vaginal response, and it can cause irregular menstruation and induce premature menopause.
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It brought to light chronic problems with staff and aging equipment.
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No data exist for outcome of the untreated chronic condition followed for more than five years.
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Older people can quickly become dispirited and depressed by chronic illness.
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Some of these patients benefit from referral to a chronic pain center.