noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
gene mapping
gene pool
gene sequencing
gene therapy
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
different
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All contain the same genes , although different genes will be turned on in the different specialist cells.
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They may also be less sedentary, and certainly have different genes .
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When various models or different genes are used, statistical measurements can provide strong support for contradictory phylogenies.
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So why on earth are we stuffed full of so many different versions of genes ?
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Cells in different plants are more likely to have different genes .
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It is no different from genes for height.
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At the end of 400 generations, the E. coli bacteria had bred new strains of itself with slightly different genes .
human
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The S. macroura motif shows 65% identity and 82% similarity with the human gene .
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Further work is under way to map the human gene in detail but preliminary results support the localisation to human chromosome 11.
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By 1980 about 3100 human genes had been distinguished, mostly by biochemical techniques.
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The most advanced technology involves the use of viruses which have been engineered for safety and to accept human genes .
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But there might be some mistakes doing it this way, he says, because human genes are longer.
mutant
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If that spore contained the mutant gene , all the cells of the new plant will contain the mutant gene.
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Consider the case of a new, supercharged mutant gene that appears in a bacterium.
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If that spore contained the mutant gene , all the cells of the new plant will contain the mutant gene.
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Once isolated, the mutant gene will be the second gene known to increase the risk for the brain disorder.
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In heterozygous females, pre-B cells whose active X chromosome expresses the mutant gene would not terminally differentiate and proliferate.
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Probably, the presence of a mutant gene just brings an individual one step closer to the possibility of cancer.
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We are considering making a strain of transgenic sheep containing the mutant gene that causes cystic fibrosis in humans.
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As well as transformation of established 3T3 cells, p53 will also cooperate with mutant ras genes to transform primary rat cells.
other
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The molecules that control transcription are themselves proteins which are coded for by other genes .
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The pathway will clearly be modulated by other genes that regulate apoptosis.
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But whether this is peculiar to muscle, or whether other master genes will be found, remains to be discovered.
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Bodies evolve integrated and coherent purposefulness because genes are selected in the environment provided by other genes within the same species.
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But because genes are also selected in the environment provided by other genes in different species, arms races develop.
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This is because they would stand to gain by a different set of future outcomes from the other genes in the body.
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The products of regulatory genes are only involved in regulating other genes and their products do not serve any other function.
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Here we are talking about single genes cheating against the other genes with which they share a body.
recessive
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Rothenbuhler thought that hygienic behaviour might be controlled by two recessive genes .
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There is a recessive black gene in the breed as well.
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The build-up of recessive genes increases the incidence of genetically determined diseases, such as sickle-cell anaemia in humans.
selfish
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The long reach of the gene An uneasy tension disturbs the heart of the selfish gene theory.
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They were times of fresh resolve, novel encroachments of the selfish gene .
single
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We are not looking for a single gene which is wholly responsible for a disorder or a behavioural predisposition.
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They show that the crucial shift to self-fertilization in the cultivated plant involves but a single gene .
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But there may be single genes which in a very small number of people have a significant effect.
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If we leap far enough, all the genes will be copies of one single gene in our ancestral population.
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They each carry a single spider silk gene in their genetic make-up of some 70,000 goat genes.
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It seems certain that all eight have been copied, ultimately from a single ancestral globin gene .
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Men are defined by their ownership of a single gene .
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Here we are talking about single genes cheating against the other genes with which they share a body.
specific
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There is another experiment which demonstrates the presence of factors in cells that turn on specific genes .
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They are now working to identify the specific gene involved.
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I would like to identify some more specific genes , and understand how they work on the brain and on behaviour.
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Strictly speaking, evolution is simply a change in the frequency with which specific genes occur in a population.
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Now, however, it is possible to identify specific gene components that contain the relevant hereditary information.
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Anyway, in the course of these preliminary studies I succeeded in identifying certain exceedingly small but specific bodies in genes .
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I was able to identify specific gene factors which carry personality traits.
■ NOUN
expression
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We propose that in Raji cells the accumulation of a repressor is prevented, thus allowing gene expression .
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An account of the development of behaviour within an individual would have to mention a series of environmental influences on gene expression .
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There is indeed direct evidence that mechanical stress can generate intracellular signals that regulate gene expression .
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From studies on living organisms it is impossible to learn details of the molecular events in IL-6 induced gene expression .
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Similar effects on limb outgrowth and Hoxd gene expression were observed in forelimb cultures.
pool
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The gene pool of the resulting subgroups would be too small to ensure the viability of the population.
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Because the gene pool for a growing breed is slight, munchkins are generally bred with other cats.
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Even the gene pools in the South are drying up.
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People have to be executed, removed from the gene pool .
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The net result was a widening gene pool and an altogether hardier national herd.
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In the long term, the loss of genetic diversity will reduce the gene pool available for agricultural crops.
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A plague of uniformity is sweeping the world, numbing the taste buds and reducing the gene pool .
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The genes themselves don't evolve, they merely survive or fail to survive in the gene pool .
product
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They in turn act as enzymes, machines that manufacture other compounds in the cells, the gene products .
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The synthesis of complex structures such as viruses often requires the synthesis and interaction of several gene products .
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This may be due to the complete absence of functional Ea and/or non-polymorphism of the Ea gene product .
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Antibodies raised against the gene product identify a polypeptide with a relative molecular mass of about 400K in all tissues examined.
suppressor
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Tumour suppressor genes seem to be very important in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Perhaps the most exciting of future possibilities for genetic intervention in cancer is the direct manipulation of oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes .
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Various mutations in both oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes have been implicated heavily in the development of cancer.
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Research into colorectal tumours has directly or indirectly contributed to the discovery of three new tumour suppressor genes .
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Scientists believe the suppressor gene can be inactivated by tobacco, viruses, pollution or diet.
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Since then much evidence has accrued that p53 is a tumour suppressor gene involved in a wide range of human malignancies.
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Enough premalignant cells are present in the bulk of stool to permit the analysis of tumour suppressor gene mutations by this technique.
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Consequently, unlike other tumour suppressor genes , only one allele need be mutated to produce a phenotypic effect.
therapy
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Because the disorder is specific to B cells, it may be a candidate for somatic gene therapy .
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Gelsinger died from the treatment in September, in what is believed to be the first death caused directly by gene therapy .
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Is it amenable to psychotherapy or gene therapy ?
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Perhaps gene therapy could prevent the mutation of the prion gene that causes hereditary brain disease.
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Male speaker One of the concerns of gene therapy is that other tissue will be affected.
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Even if all goes well, it is unlikely that gene therapy treatment will be available for at least 10 years.
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If successful, gene therapy could eventually offer effective treatment for as many as 4,000 hereditary illnesses, including cystic fibrosis.
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Clearly, until these questions are answered, gene therapy will be reserved for life threatening diseases.
■ VERB
carry
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When her daughter has children, they will also carry the gene and develop the illness.
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Bodies are not primarily machines for carrying genes .
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But her son's children, although they might carry the gene , won't get asthma.
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For patients with a family history of colon cancer, one in three carried the mutated gene .
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In Britain one in ten black people carry the sickle cell gene .
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But doctors have not yet formulated their own message for the healthy women who carry these mutated genes .
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And each chromosome carries some fifty thousand genes , which are the structures that carry inheritance information from parent to offspring.
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While it strikes men twice as often, women can also carry the defective gene and pass it along to their children.
cause
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Natural selection favoured those ancestral caddis genes that caused their possessors to build effective houses.
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The genes that cause the elaborate ornament or long tail to appear are subject to random mutation.
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Research on the family has enabled scientists to identify a defective gene responsible for causing the disease.
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We account for this by saying that their genes cause them to have such beliefs.
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We are considering making a strain of transgenic sheep containing the mutant gene that causes cystic fibrosis in humans.
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We must in consistency admit that our genes cause us to have our beliefs, too.
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If they can identify positively the gene which is causing the trouble, then they may be able to correct it.
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An increasingly hot field in the industry was genomics, the search for genes that cause a disease or other condition.
contain
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All contain the same genes , although different genes will be turned on in the different specialist cells.
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If that spore contained the mutant gene , all the cells of the new plant will contain the mutant gene.
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Then, with luck, all the cells of the animal that develops from that zygote will contain the new gene .
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Wild plants, in the Amazon, may contain the required genes .
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Within the nucleus are the chromosomes of the cell, which contain the genes .
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We are considering making a strain of transgenic sheep containing the mutant gene that causes cystic fibrosis in humans.
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The other contained a pea gene for the production of a poison called lectin.
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This shows that it contains all the genes , not just some of them.
express
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In heterozygous females, pre-B cells whose active X chromosome expresses the mutant gene would not terminally differentiate and proliferate.
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This variation in signal intensity may reflect the differences in the cell density of tissues that express the gene .
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It seems possible that this material originates from rare mucosal endocrine cells expressing the gastrin gene .
find
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Other workers have found ras gene mutations in between 39% and 47% of colorectal cancers.
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Research in the last fifteen years has found that our genes may also direct a good deal of how we act.
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They've found a gene which they think could be passed on by parents to their children.
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The finding of the latest gene is reported in the January issue of the journal Nature Genetics.
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The finding that this gene appears to play a role across ethnic groups is very exciting.
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Mind is not to be found in molecules any more than the works of Shakespeare were to be found in his genes .
identify
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These studies can be extended, using genetic and molecular screens, to identify genes required for the construction of a synapse.
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They are now working to identify the specific gene involved.
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The immediate task was to identify the gene or genes involved in oocyte maturation.
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Research that will identify a funny gene or chromosome or whatever.
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I would like to identify some more specific genes , and understand how they work on the brain and on behaviour.
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And last year, scientists at Rockefeller University identified the gene that appears to be successful in treating obesity in animals.
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Research on the family has enabled scientists to identify a defective gene responsible for causing the disease.
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Now, however, it is possible to identify specific gene components that contain the relevant hereditary information.
inherit
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A person or animal inherits half its genes from each parent.
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Those who inherit one gene have an increased chance of acquiring cancers later in life.
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He has inherited the Nordern genes .
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The first is biological - what we inherit through our genes .
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First is the possibility of inheriting a major gene for liability, but not developing the disease.
insert
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Which is what inspired Smith and his colleagues to try to insert the gene for HbsAg into vaccinia.
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They inserted an extra gene and ended up with a virus that wiped out all the test animals within nine days.
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So Potrykus used genetic manipulation to insert genes from the daffodil that encode the biological machinery for production of beta carotene.
involve
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This study exemplifies the combined use of human and mouse genetics to dissect human genetic diseases involving multiple genes and complex phenotypes.
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Because the technique involves work with genes it must be approved by an independent ethical committee.
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They show that the crucial shift to self-fertilization in the cultivated plant involves but a single gene .
pass
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In time, the system settles down and householders and sneaks pass on genes with equal efficiency.
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They should really only say that animals happen to pass on their genes , some more than others.
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It may live longer, but it will be less successful at reproducing and may fail to pass on its genes .
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It would then have passed twice as many genes on to the next generation as its rivals had.
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A beetle can pass only one gene to each of its offspring.
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We were built as gene machines, created to pass on our genes.
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Positives could pass on a negative gene .
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The big fear was that they would pass on potentially-harmful genes to other E. coli already in the gut.
show
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But its live counterpart does not glow, even though tests show the jellyfish genes are present.
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The glow showed that the gene was active.
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The results of numerous studies from around the world clearly show that both genes and the environment influence drinking behavior.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
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Some women may carry a gene that increases the risk of breast cancer.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
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Both snail genes and fluke genes stand to gain from the snail's bodily survival, all other things being equal.
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But because genes are also selected in the environment provided by other genes in different species, arms races develop.
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Furthermore, a rearrangement of the IRF-1 gene was identified in one additional patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
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I could print out pictures of the insects' bodies, but I had lost their genes.
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Information is transferred by genes in much the same way as it is by words.
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One possibility is that there are master genes whose products control the activity of many others.
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Research has indicated that narcoleptics have a set of genes that are triggered by unknown factors to cause narcolepsy.
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So, what determines whether these genes are transcribed?