born 1838, Asad 0101; b 0101; d, Persia
died March 9, 1897, Istanbul
Muslim politician and journalist.
He is thought to have adopted the name Afgh 0101; n 012B; to conceal the fact that he was of Persian Sh 012B; 02BD; ite origin. He lived in Afghanistan from 1866, and a year later he became counselor to the khan. Displaced after a change of rulers, he went to Istanbul and then to Cairo in 1871. After becoming known as a rabble-rouser and heretic, he was deported from Egypt in 1879. By 1883 he was in Paris, where he championed Islamic civilization in the face of European domination. In Russia (188789) he seems to have worked as an anti-British agitator. His next stop was Iran, from which he was deported as a heretic in 1892; four years later he avenged himself by instigating the shah's murder. He died in Istanbul after failing to interest the sultan in his pan-Islamic ideas.