born April 20, 1846, Kaluga province, Russia
died July 28, 1904, St. Petersburg
Russian government administrator.
In 1881 he was appointed director of the secret police in the ministry of the interior. He became head of the imperial chancellery (1894), state secretary for Finland (1899), and minister of the interior (1902). Concerned with upholding autocratic principles, he suppressed revolutionary and liberal movements, harshly pursued Russification policies against minority nationality groups, and backed police-controlled labour unions. He was assassinated by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party.