VIETNAM

n.

officially Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Country, Southeast Asia.

Area: 127,816 sq mi (331,041 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 80,200,000. Capital: Hanoi . Almost 90% of the total population is Vietnamese; minorities include Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, and Chan. Languages: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer. Religions: Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Roman Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism. Currency: new dong. Vietnam is about 1,025 mi (1,650 km) long, 210–340 mi (340–550 km) wide at its widest parts, and 35 mi (56 km) wide at its narrowest part. Northern Vietnam is mountainous where Fan-si-pan, the country's highest peak, rises to 10,306 ft (3,141 m). The Red River is the principal river. Southern Vietnam is dominated by the Mekong River delta. A low-lying, narrow coastal plain about 620 mi (1,000 km) long connects the two major river deltas. The densely forested Annamese Cordillera extends through west-central Vietnam and covers two-thirds of the total land area. Northern Vietnam is rich in mineral resources, especially anthracite and lignite coal. Some petroleum deposits exist off the southern coast. Significant food crops include rice, sugarcane, coffee, tea, and bananas. Food processing and fishing are important industries, as are the manufacture of steel and phosphates. Vietnam is a socialist republic with one legislative house; its chief of state is the president, and its head of government is the prime minister. A distinct Vietnamese group began to emerge 0441; 200 BC in the independent kingdom of Nam Viet, which was later annexed to China in the 1st century BC. The Vietnamese were under continuous Chinese control until the 10th century AD. The southern region was gradually overrun by Vietnamese from the north in the late 15th century. The area was divided into two parts in the early 17th century, with the northern part known as Tonkin and the southern part as Cochin China . In 1802 the northern and southern parts of Vietnam were unified under a single dynasty. Following several years of attempted French colonial expansion in the region, the French captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City ) in 1859 and later the rest of the area, controlling it until World War II (see French Indochina ). The Japanese occupied Vietnam in 1940–45 and declared it independent at the end of World War II, a move the French opposed. The First Indochina War ensued and lasted until French forces with U.S. financial backing were defeated by the Vietnamese at Dien Bien Phu in 1954; evacuation of French troops followed. After an international conference at Geneva (April–July 1954), Vietnam was partitioned along latitude 17° N, with the northern part under the communist leadership of Ho Chi Minh and the southern part under the U.S.-supported former emperor Bao Dai ; the partition was to be temporary, but the reunification elections scheduled for 1956 were never held. Bao Dai declared the independence of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam), while the communists established North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). The activities of North Vietnamese guerrillas and pro-communist rebels in South Vietnam led to U.S. intervention and the Vietnam War . A cease-fire agreement was signed in 1973, and U.S. troops were withdrawn; but the civil war soon resumed, and in 1975 North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam, and the South Vietnamese government collapsed. In 1976 the two Vietnams were united as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. From the mid-1980s the government enacted a series of economic reforms and began to open up to Asian and Western nations. In 1995 the U.S. officially normalized relations with Vietnam.