Form of short narrative folk song.
Its distinctive style crystallized in Europe in the late Middle Ages as part of the oral tradition, and it has been preserved as a musical and literary form. The oral form has persisted as the folk ballad, and the written, literary ballad evolved from the oral tradition. The folk ballad typically tells a compact tale with deliberate starkness, using devices such as repetition to heighten effects. The modern literary ballad (e.g., those by W.H. Auden , Bertolt Brecht , and Elizabeth Bishop ) recalls in its rhythmic and narrative elements the traditions of folk balladry.