(German; " novel of character development ")
Class of novel in German and other literature that deals with the formative years of the main character, whose moral and psychological development is depicted.
It ends on a positive note, with the hero's foolish mistakes and painful disappointments behind him and a life of usefulness ahead. It grew out of folklore tales in which a dunce goes out into the world seeking adventure. The first novelistic development of the theme, Johann W. von Goethe 's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795–96), remains a classic example.