or Ch'ung-ch'ing conventional Chungking
City and municipality with provincial status (pop., 1999 est.: city, 3,193,889; 2000 est.: municipality, 30,900,000).
The municipality is bordered by Sichuan , Shaanxi , Hubei , Hunan , and Guizhou provinces and has an area of 8,900 sq mi (23,000 sq km). The leading river port and industrial centre of southwestern China, Chongqing ("Double-Blessed") lies at the confluence of the Zhou dynasty . Over the next several centuries its status alternated from being ruled by an empire in northern China to being an independent state. It finally came under Chinese rule in the Ming dynasty , continuing under the Qing dynasty . It was opened to foreign trade in 1890. It played a large role in the revolution of 1911. Once a city of narrow and irregular streets, Chongqing changed greatly as a result of a modernization program introduced during World War II, when it became the {{link=Nationalist Party">Nationalist capital. Since the war it has become an important industrial centre. It is home to Chongqing University (founded 1929).