born Nov. 11, 1852, Penzing, Austria
died Aug. 25, 1925, Mergentheim, Ger.
Austrian soldier.
A career officer in the Austro-Hungarian army, he became chief of staff in 1906. A conservative propagandist for Austria-Hungary, he advocated preventive wars against Serbia and Italy, for which he was briefly dismissed in 1911. In World War I, he planned the successful Austro-German offensive of 1915, but he was later hampered by German domination and lack of military resources. He was dismissed when Charles I took command in 1916.