officially Gabonese Republic
Country, central Africa.
Area: 103,347 sq mi (267,667 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 1,233,000. Capital: Libreville . Gabon has more than 40 ethnic groups: the Fang make up the majority and live north of the Ogooué River ; the largest groups south of the river are the Punu, Sira, and Nzebi. Languages: French (official), Fang, Mbete. Religion: Christianity, primarily Roman Catholicism. Currency: CFA franc. Gabon straddles the Equator on the western coast of Africa. It has a narrow coastal plain and becomes hilly in the south and north. The basin of its chief river, the Ogooué, covers most of the country; about three-fourths is equatorial rainforest, which supports numerous plant and animal species. Gabon has reserves of manganese that are among the largest in the world; it also has huge deposits of high-grade iron ore. Gabon has a mixed, developing economy based largely on the exploitation of these mineral and timber resources. Its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister; the parliament consists of two houses. Artifacts dating from late Paleolithic and early Neolithic times have been found in Gabon, but it is not known when the Pygmies were probably the original inhabitants. The Fang arrived in the late 18th century and were followed by the Portuguese and by French, Dutch, and English traders. The {{link=slave trade">slave trade dominated commerce in the 18th and much of the 19th century. The French then took control, and Gabon was administered (1843–86) with French West Africa . In 1886 the colony of French Congo was established to include both Gabon and the Congo; in 1910 Gabon became a separate colony within French Equatorial Africa . An overseas territory of France from 1946, it became an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958 and declared its independence in 1960. Rule by a sole political party was established in the 1960s, but discontent with it led to riots in Libreville in 1989. Legalization of opposition parties enabled new elections in 1990. Peace negotiations with neighbouring Chad rebels and with Congo (Brazzaville) were ongoing in the 1990s and into the beginning of the 21st century.