Transmission of physical and mental traits from parents to offspring through
From his studies in the late 19th century, Gregor Mendel derived certain basic concepts of heredity, which eventually became the foundation for the modern science of {{link=genetics">genetics . Each member of the parental generation transmits only half its genes to the offspring, and different offspring of the same parents receive different combinations of genes. Many characteristics are polygenic (i.e., influenced by more than one gene). Many genes exist in numerous variations (alleles) throughout a population. The polygenic and multiple allelic nature of many traits gives a vast potential for variability among hereditary characteristics. While the genotype (an individual's total hereditary makeup) determines the broad limits of features an individual may develop, the actual features that do develop (the phenotype ) are dependent on complex interactions between genes and their environment. See also variation .