Struggle between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe over the latter's presentation of the symbols of office to churchmen.
Pope Henry IV and in the larger struggle over Henry's refusal to obey papal commands. Henry successfully drove Gregory from Rome and installed an antipope , but it would be Gregory's rejection of lay investiture that would ultimately prevail. Henry I of England renounced lay investiture (1106) in return for the guarantee that homage would be paid to the king before consecration, and the Concordat of Worms (1122) forged a similar compromise between Henry V and {{link=Calixtus">Calixtus II .