born October 1822, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
died May 8, 1883, Al-Ṭāʾif, Arabian Peninsula
Civil servant and grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire .
As governor of Niš and Baghdad, his successful reforms earned the respect of the sultan Abdülaziz, who in 1872 appointed him grand vizier, a post he held only three months. In 1876 he helped depose Abdülaziz and eventually replaced him with Abdülhamid II. Again appointed grand vizier, he was dismissed after six months. Afterward, he was banished but later was recalled and made governor of Smyrna. He then was arrested and convicted for Abdülaziz's death. His death sentence was commuted to permanent exile. See also Tanzimat .