officially Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Country, southern Asia.
Area: 307,374 sq mi (796,095 sq km). Population (2002 est.): 145,960,000. Capital: Islamabad . The population is a complex mix of indigenous peoples who have been affected by successive waves of migrations of Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Pashtuns, Mughals, and Arabs. Languages: Urdu (official), Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi. Religions: Islam (official), Hinduism, Christianity. Currency: Pakistan rupee. Pakistan may be divided into four regions: the great highlands, the Balochistan Plateau, the Indus Plain, and the desert areas. The Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan ranges form the great highlands, in the northernmost part of the country; some of the highest peaks are K2 and Nanga Parbat . The country has a developing mixed economy based largely on agriculture, light industries, and services. Unemployment is widespread, and emigration has depleted the workforce; remittances from Pakistanis working abroad are a major source of foreign exchange. Pakistan is an Islamic republic with two legislative houses; its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. The area has been inhabited since с 3500 BC. From the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD, it was part of the Mauryan and Kushan kingdoms. The first Muslim conquests were in the 8th century AD. The British Mughal dynasty in 1757. During the period of British colonial rule, what is now (Muslim) Pakistan was part of (Hindu) India. The new state of Pakistan came into existence in 1947 by act of the British Parliament. The Kashmir region remained a disputed territory between Pakistan and India, with tensions resulting in military clashes and full-scale war in 1965. Civil war between East and West Pakistan in 1971 resulted in independence for Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) in 1972. Many Afghan refugees migrated to Pakistan during the Soviet-Afghan war in the 1980s and remained there during the Taliban and post-Taliban periods. Pakistan elected {{link=Bhutto, Benazir">Benazir Bhutto , the first woman to head a modern Islamic state, in 1988. She was ousted in 1990 when her party was defeated by a conservative coalition. Conditions subsequently became volatile. Border flare-ups with India continued, and Pakistan conducted tests of nuclear weapons. Political conditions worsened, and the army carried out a coup in 1999.