born Aug. 3, 1901, Zuzela, near Łomża, Pol., Russian Empire
died May 28, 1981, Warsaw, Pol.
Polish cardinal and primate of Poland.
Ordained in 1924, he was assigned to the basilica at Włocławek. He founded and directed the Christian Workers University (1935–39), then joined the Polish resistance in World War II. He was appointed successively bishop of Lublin (1946), primate of Poland (1948), and cardinal (1952). For refusing to consent to communist demands, he was placed under house arrest (1953–56). After his release, he reached a compromise on church and state matters with John Paul II to Poland in 1979.