ABERYSTWYTH

coastal town, Ceredigion county (historic county of Cardiganshire), Wales, where the River Rheidol flows into Cardigan Bay. Traces of extensive Iron Age earthworks have been found on the hill Pen Dinas, which overlooks the old port and town. The medieval walled town grew around the castle erected by the Normans (1277) on a rocky headland immediately north of the mouth of the River Rheidol, into which the mouth of the River Ystwyth has also been diverted. The town spread northward along the coast, especially after the coming of railways. The port, now virtually unused, once handled coastal, Irish, and even transatlantic shipping (Welsh emigrants, for example, would sail direct for the United States) and served as the outlet for the once-flourishing Cardiganshire lead mines. The town has grown since the late 19th century as a holiday resort and rural service centre and is the headquarters of many regional services of western Wales. Though established by English conquerors in the Welsh heartland, Aberystwyth has become a principal stronghold of Welsh culture. The founder college of the University of Wales was established there in 1872. Modern university buildings and the National Library of Wales, one of Britain's copyright libraries, overlook the town from Penglais Hill to the northeast. In the Rheidol valley the inland hamlet of Llanbadarnfawr has become a suburb; its church was once a great centre of Dark Ages learning and Celtic Christianity. Pop. (1991) 11,154.