ACADIA

French Acadie, North American Atlantic seaboard possessions of France in the 17th and 18th centuries. Centred in what is now Nova Scotia, Acadia was probably intended to include the other present Maritime Provinces of Canada as well as parts of Maine and Quebec. The first organized French settlement in Acadia was founded in 1604 on an island in Passamaquoddy Bay, on the present U.S.-Canadian border, by Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain. In 1605 the colony was moved to Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia), and that settlement became the centre of Acadia's future. Because the French claimed for Acadia lands that had also been claimed by England, the colony was continually contested by both nations. In 1613 Port Royal was destroyed, and its inhabitants were dispersed by an English military expedition from Virginia. In 1621 King James I of England (VI of Scotland) awarded the lands of Acadia to Sir William Alexander for the purpose of founding the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1632 his son King Charles I ceded Acadia back to France, and, under the Company of New France, a renewed period of French colonization followed. A bitter struggle for power broke out in 1636 between two of the leading French officials of the colony-a struggle that eventually resulted in a local civil war. Acadia was under English rule from 1654 to 1670 and then reverted again to French rule and remained under French control for the next 40 years. On Oct. 16, 1710, Port Royal was captured by the British. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave Nova Scotia to Great Britain but left Cape Breton Island and le St. Jean (from 1799 Prince Edward Island) with France. In 1755 many French-speaking Acadians were deported by the British because of the imminence of war with France, the question of Acadian neutrality, and the possibility of revolt. Several thousand of them eventually settled in French-ruled Louisiana, where their descendants became known as Cajuns. At the conclusion of the French and Indian Wars in 1763, le St. Jean and Cape Breton Island also formally came under British rule; the province of New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia in 1784. See also Cajun.