ACTINOMYCETE

any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic bacteria noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern that results, in most forms, in an extensive colony, or mycelium. The mycelium in some species may break apart to form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms. Many genera also form spores; the sporangia, or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or free within the environment. Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella. Many species of actinomycetes occur in soil and are harmless to animals and higher plants, while others are important pathogens, and still others are beneficial sources of antibiotics. Many authorities recognize eight different groups of actinomycetes, though these groups are themselves heterogeneous and will require further study to classify fully. Of the specific types of actinomycetes, Nocardia otitidiscariarum causes an ear disease in guinea pigs, and Dermatophilus congolensis causes dermatophilosis, a severe dermatitis of cattle, sheep, horses, and occasionally humans. Several species of Streptomyces cause the disease actinomycosis in humans and cattle. Many of the actinomycetes are sources of antibiotics, however. Saccharopolyspora hirsuta is a source of the antibiotic sporaricin, for example, and members of Streptomyces produce streptomycin and other antibiotics.