AHMAD

in full Ahmad Ibn Mustafa born 1806, Tunis died 1855, Halq al-Wadi, Tunisia 10th ruler of the Husaynid dynasty of Tunisia. Succeeding his brother as the ruler of Tunis in 1837, Ahmad began at once to modernize his armed forces: Tunisian cadets were sent to France, a military and technical academy was established, and European instructors invited to Tunis. He organized a naval force with 12 frigates purchased from France. He sent 8,00010,000 soldiers to fight with the allies (France, England, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire) against the Russians in the Crimean War (185356). Also active in internal reform, Ahmad in 1841 abolished the sale of Negro slaves and in 1846 slavery altogether, and he removed many disabilities endured by the Jews. In Carthage he founded a hospital and, in 1845, Saint-Louis College, which was open to boys of all faiths and was the beginning of secular education in Tunisia. To pay for his reforms, he increased taxation, but this led to revolts in 1840, 1842, and 1843. Prior to his rule, Tunisia was nominally a part of the empire that was ruled by Ottoman Turks. Resisting their claims of sovereignty, he sought the help of France in order to assert his independence. In 1845 he was recognized by the Ottomans as an independent sovereign. He was succeeded in 1855 by his cousin Muhammad, who reigned until 1859.