ALDER

any of about 30 species of ornamental shrubs and trees constituting the genus Alnus, in the birch family (Betulaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and western South America on cool, wet sites at elevations up to 2,500 m (8,200 feet). An alder may be distinguished from a birch by its usually stalked winter buds and by cones that remain on the branches after the small, winged nutlets are released. The scaly bark is grayish brown in some species and almost white in others. The oval leaves are alternate, serrate, and often shallowly lobed; sticky on unfolding but glossy when mature, they fall without changing colour. Male and female flowers are borne in separate catkins on the same tree; they form during the summer and usually blossom the following spring before the leaves open. Familiar North American alders are the red alder (A. rubra, or A. oregona), a tall tree whose leaves have rusty hairs on their lower surfaces; the white, or Sierra, alder (A. rhombifolia), an early-flowering tree with orange-red twigs and buds; the speckled alder (A. rugosa), a small tree with conspicuous whitish, wartlike, porous markings, or lenticels; the aromatic-leaved American green alder (A. crispa or A. mitchelliana); the closely related but taller Sitka alder (A. sinuata); and the mountain, or thinleaf, alder (A. tenuifolia), a shrubby tree with yellow or orange-brown midribs on its leaves and a domelike crown of pendulous branches. The European alder (A. glutinosa), sometimes known as black alder for its dark bark and cones, is widespread throughout Eurasia and is cultivated in several varieties in North America. The name black alder is also applied to winterberry, a type of holly. The green alder (A. viridis), a European shrub, has sharply pointed, bright-green leaves. The white alder (A. incana) includes several varieties useful as an ornamental. Alders are practically immune to diseases other than fungal attacks. Usually propagated by seed, they may also be cultivated from cuttings or suckers. Alder wood, pale yellow to reddish brown, is fine-textured and durable, even under water; it is useful for furniture, cabinetry, turnery, and in charcoal manufacture and millwork. Red and European alders are important timber trees. European, Italian, Japanese, Manchurian, speckled, and seaside alders are popular ornamentals. Because of their spreading root systems and tolerance of moist soils, alders are often planted on stream banks for flood control and the prevention of erosion. They are among the first woody plants to appear in denuded areas; although short-lived, they prepare the soil for more enduring trees by increasing its organic matter and nitrogen content.