ALLODIUM

land freely held, without obligation of service to any overlord. Allodial land tenure was of particular significance in Europe during the Middle Ages, when most land was held by feudal tenure. The anarchy that ensued in France after the decline of the Carolingian monarchy at the end of the 9th century allowed much land to be seized and held free, although a large part of it was eventually brought into a feudal relationship in which the holder owed certain services to his lord. By the 12th and 13th centuries, the only appreciable amount of allodial land remaining was limited to peasant holdings in the southwest. In Germany large allodial estates held by nobles continued to exist, particularly in Saxony. In England there was a considerable amount of allodial land before the Norman Conquest (1066), but it disappeared under the new rulers. Allodial land, though free of limitations from above, was not free of restrictions from below if the holder chose to have feudal tenants. He would then owe certain obligations to them, primarily in terms of protection, and could not be considered in absolute control of his holdings. With the decline of feudalism in France, land that had been under the jurisdiction of a lord came to be under the jurisdiction of the king, who collected certain fees upon its sale or transfer. Following the French Revolution (1789) all land became allodial. In England no land is referred to as allodial, but an estate in fee simple corresponds in practice to absolute ownership.