ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS

respiratory disorder caused by the filling of large groups of alveoli with protein and lipid (fat) particles. The alveoli are air sacs, minute structures in the lungs in which the exchange of respiratory gases occurs. The gas molecules must pass through a cellular wall, the surface of which is generally covered by a thin film of fatty material secreted from the alveolar cells. When too many fat materials are released from the alveolar cells, or when the cells die in large numbers and fragment into the alveolar cavity, gas exchange is greatly hindered and the symptoms of alveolar proteinosis occur. The disease manifests itself in laboured breathing, often accompanied by pain, coughing, and a yellow sputum (mucus discharge). There may also be general fatigue and weight loss. The skin becomes tinged with blue in the most serious cases, an indication that blood is not being adequately oxygenated or rid of carbon dioxide. X rays most frequently show swelling and excess fluids in the lungs. The precipitating cause of the disease is unknown. Persons affected are usually between 20 and 50 years of age. The disease can exist without causing symptoms for considerable periods, and spontaneous improvement has been known to occur; it is sometimes fatal, but rarely so, if treated. Treatment involves the use of enzymes that dissolve the protein and fat substances, along with rinsing out of the lungs (lavage). One lung at a time is rinsed with a saltwater solution introduced through the windpipe. The fluids drawn back out of the lungs have been found to have a high content of fat. Sometimes the lesions totally clear up after this procedure.