AMES, JESSIE DANIEL

born Nov. 2, 1883, Palestine, Texas, U.S. died Feb. 21, 1972, Austin, Texas American suffragist and civil rights activist who worked successfully to combat lynching in the southern United States. Jessie Daniel grew up in several small Texas communities and graduated from Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, in 1902. Her husband, Roger Ames, died in 1914, leaving her to care and provide for their three children. This enforced self-sufficiency soon led her to begin campaigning for woman suffrage. Ames founded the Texas League of Women Voters in 1919 and was its first president. Disillusionment set in, however, as she confronted failure of that and other women's organizations to address racial issues. In 1924 Ames became the director of the Texas branch of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC) and in 1929 was promoted to the position of director of the CIC Women's Committee at the organization's Atlanta, Georgia, headquarters. In conjunction with the CIC, Ames founded the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) in 1930. She fought to dispel the widely accepted myth that white women needed protection from African-American men. She pointed out that the rape of white women by African-American men, which was the supposed justification for a lynching, seldom occurred and that the true motives for lynchings were rooted in racial hatred. Ames brought the taboo subject into the open and was successful in rallying the support of thousands of women and hundreds of public officials. Lynchings declined, and in 1940, for the first time, no lynchings were recorded. Ames wrote two books on the subject, Southern Women Look at Lynching (1937; published under the aegis of the ASWPL) and The Changing Character of Lynching (1942). In 1942 the ASWPL was reabsorbed into the CIC.