ARABIC LITERARY RENAISSANCE

Arabic An-nahdah Al-adabiyah, 19th-century movement to a modern Arabic literature, inspired by contacts with the West and a renewed interest in the great classical literature. After the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt (1798) and the subsequent establishment of an autonomous and Western-minded ruling dynasty there, many Syrian and Lebanese writers sought out the freer environment of Egypt, making it the centre of the renaissance. Under the impact of the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the coming of independence after World War II, the revival spread to other Arab countries. The novel and drama, literary forms new to Arabic literature, were developed largely under the influence of the European works that became available in the 19th century in Arabic translation. Other forms owed much to Western models but had roots in classical Arabic literature, such as the short story, new verse forms, and the essay. That the renaissance succeeded in altering the direction of Arabic literature is probably attributable to two factors. The emergence of an Arabic press made writing a realistic livelihood and forced writers to abandon the traditional, ornate style of past centuries in favour of a simpler and more direct style that would appeal to a wider reading public. The spread and modernization of education further served to provide a body of readers receptive to new styles and ideas.