ARTHRODIRE

any member of an order of extinct, armoured, jawed fishes, class Placodermi, found in Devonian freshwater and marine deposits. (The Devonian period lasted from 408 million to 360 million years ago.) Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. They had hollow, backward-curved shoulder spines and may have used the long spines to anchor themselves or to move about on the bottom. Later arthrodires, such as the Middle Devonian genus Coccosteus, tended toward marine habitats. Coccosteans were less heavily armoured than Arctolepis, and the bony head and body shields were connected by a joint on each side allowing free head movement. They were predators and had bony jaws with tusklike projections in front and cutting edges in back. The back of the body and the tail apparently were naked. The shoulder spine was shortened or, in some forms, absent. Arthrodires became extinct during the Late Devonian. The genus Dinichthys (sometimes included with Dunkleosteus), representative of this period, was similar to coccosteans but grew much longer, about 9 m (30 feet) against 0.6 m (2 feet) for coccosteans. There were many arthrodire offshoots during the Devonian. Members of the genus Phyllolepis were specialized fishes that had lost most of the head armour. They were formerly considered ostracoderms. The ptyctodonts, relatives of the arthrodires, lived in the sea and possibly fed upon mollusks. Ptyctodonts have been thought of as ancestors of chimaeras, but evidence is inconclusive.