AVALOKITESVARA

(Sanskrit avalokita, looking on; isvara, lord), Chinese Kuan-yin, Japanese Kannon, the bodhisattva (Buddha-to-be) of infinite compassion and mercy, possibly the most popular of all Buddhist deities, beloved throughout the Buddhist world. He supremely exemplifies the bodhisattva's resolve to postpone his own Buddhahood until he has helped every being on earth achieve emancipation. His name has been variously interpreted as the lord who looks in every direction and the lord of what we see (that is, the actual, created world). In Tibet he is known as Spyan-ras gzigs (With a Pitying Look) and in Mongolia as Nid-ber jegci (He Who Looks With the Eyes). The title invariably used for him in Indochina and Thailand is Lokesvara (Lord of the World). Avalokitesvara is the earthly manifestation of the self-born, eternal Buddha, Amitabha, whose figure is represented in his headdress, and he guards the world in the interval between the departure of the historical Buddha, Gautama, and the appearance of the future Buddha, Maitreya. Avalokitesvara protects against shipwreck, fire, assassins, robbers, and wild beasts. He is the creator of the fourth world, which is the actual universe in which we live. According to legend, his head once split with grief at realizing the number of wicked beings in the world yet to be saved. Amitabha Buddha caused each of the pieces to become a whole head and placed them on his son in three tiers of three, then the 10th, and topped them all with his own image. Sometimes the 11-headed Avalokitesvara is represented with thousands of arms, which rise like the outspread tail of a peacock around him. In painting he is usually shown white in colour (in Nepal, red). His female consort is the goddess Tara. His traditional residence is the mountain Potala, and his images are frequently placed on hilltops. The height of the veneration of Avalokitesvara in northern India occurred in the 3rd7th century. His worship (as Kuan-yin) was introduced into China as early as the 1st century AD and had entered all Buddhist temples by the 6th century. Representations of the bodhisattva in China prior to the Sung dynasty (9601126) are unmistakenly masculine in appearance. Later images display attributes of both genders. One interpretation of this development contends that the bodhisattva is neither male nor female but has transcended sexual distinctions, as he has all other dualities in the sphere of samsara (the temporal world). According to this opinion, the flowing drapery and soft contours of the body seen in statues and paintings have been intentionally combined with a visible moustache to emphasize the absence of sexual identity. Furthermore, the Lotus Sutra relates that Avalokitesvara has the ability of assuming whatever form is required to relieve suffering and also has the power to grant children. Another point of view, while accepting the validity of this philosophical doctrine, holds that from at least the 12th century the popular devotional cult of Kuan-yin has superimposed onto the bodhisattva qualities of a mother-goddess. A centre of the personal worship of the saviour Kuan-yin is the island of P'u-t'o near Ning-po (associated with the traditional mountain residence of the bodhisattva Potala). Among the followers of the Pure Land sect, who look to rebirth in the Western Paradise of the Buddha Amitabha (Chinese O-mi-t'o-fo; Japanese Amida), Kuan-yin forms part of a ruling triad, along with Amitabha and the bodhisattva Mahasthamaprapta (Chinese Tai-shih-chih). Images of the three are often placed together in temples, and Kuan-yin is shown in painting welcoming the dead to the Western Paradise. This cult of Kuan-yin is based on scriptures of the Pure Land school that were translated into Chinese between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The bodhisattva was introduced into Tibet in the 7th century, where he quickly became the most popular figure in the Lamaist pantheon, successively reincarnated in each Dalai Lama. He is credited with introducing the prayer formula om mani padmehum! (frequently translated the jewel is in the lotus) to the people of Tibet. The cult of Kuan-yin probably reached Japan (there called Kannon) by way of Korea soon after Buddhism was first introduced into the country; the earliest known images at the Horyu-ji (ji, temple) in Nara date from the mid-7th century. The worship of the bodhisattva was never confined to any one sect and continues to be widespread throughout Japan. As in China, some confusion exists about Kannon's gender. In Japan Kannon's ability to assume innumerable forms has led to seven major representations: (1) Sho Kannon, the simplest form, usually shown as a seated or standing figure with two hands, one of which holds a lotus; (2) Ju-ichi-men Kannon, a two-or four-handed figure with 11 heads; (3) Senju Kannon, the bodhisattva with 1,000 arms; (4) Jun-tei Kannon, one of the least common forms, represented as a seated figure with 18 arms, sometimes related to the Indian goddess Cunti (mother of 700,000 Buddhas); (5) Fuku-kenjaku Kannon, a form popular with the Tendai sect, whose special emblem is the lasso; (6) Ba-to Kannon, shown with a fierce face and a horse's head in the hairdress, probably related to the Tibetan protector of horses, Hayagriva (q.v.); (7) Nyo-i-rin Kannon, shown seated, with six arms, holding the wish-fulfilling jewel. The virtues and miracles of Avalokitesvara are accounted in many Buddhist sutras (scriptures). The Avalokitesvara-sutra was incorporated into the widely popular Saddharmapundarika-sutra, or Lotus Sutra, in the 3rd century AD, though it continues to circulate as an independent work in China and is the main scripture of his cult worship there. He is the only Mahayana Buddhist deity commonly worshipped in Theravada (Way of the Elders) countries that base their worship on the Pali canon and do not normally recognize the concept of bodhisattvas. In Sri Lanka he is known as Natha-deva (often mistakenly confused with Maitreya, the Buddha yet to come).