AYALA, FRANCISCO

born March 16, 1906, Granada, Spain Spanish novelist and sociologist. Ayala received a law degree from the University of Madrid in 1929, having already published the novel Tragicomedia de un hombre sin espritu (1925; Tragicomedy of a Man Without Spirit) and the story Cazador en el alba (1930; Hunter at Dawn). These works are psychological studies that make a strong use of metaphor but display little interest in narrative description. Ayala studied in Berlin in 192930 and received a doctoral degree in law from the University of Madrid in 1931, and in 1933 he joined that university's faculty. He went into exile during the Spanish Civil War (193639), and when the Spanish Republic fell in the latter year he went to Argentina, where he taught and published a sociology textbook. In 1949 he published a book of short stories, Los usurpadores (The Usurpers), in which he examines the innate immorality of one person subjugating another to his will. This theme is treated in the context of the history of Spain, and the finest story in the bookEl hechizado (The Bewitched)is a macabre story of the 17th-century Spanish Empire and its infirm ruler, Charles II. La cabeza del cordero (1949; The Lamb's Head) is a collection of short stories on similar themes, this time centring on the Spanish Civil War. In 1950 Ayala joined the faculty of the University of Puerto Rico, and in 1958 he began a professorial career in the United States. He continued to write in Spanish, developing, as in Tecnologa y libertad (1959; Technology and Freedom), his ideas on reconciling individual conscience to society and on restating ancient moral values for modern times. The collapse of moral order and the hopelessness of human relations in society were themes in his two long pessimistic and satirical novels, Muertes de perro (1958; Death as a Way of Life) and El fondo del vaso (1962; The Bottom of the Glass). His later works include the short-story collections El jardn de las delicias (1971; Garden of Delights) and El jardn de las malicias (1988; Garden of Malice).