BARONIUS, CAESAR

born Oct. 31, 1538, Sora, Kingdom of Naples [now in Italy] died June 30, 1607, Rome ecclesiastical historian and apologist for the Roman Catholic Church. He joined the Oratory in Rome in 1557, eventually succeeding Philip Neri as superior in 1593. Clement VIII, whose confessor he was, made him cardinal in 1596, and in the following year he became Vatican librarian. His major work, the Annales Ecclesiastici (15881607), undertaken in reply to the Centuriae Magdeburgenses and under the inspiration of Philip, consists of 12 folios narrating the history of the church down to the year 1198. Hailed by Roman Catholic writers as the father of ecclesiastical history, Baronius was scorned by Protestant critics for his ignorance of Hebrew and poor knowledge of Greek. It was claimed that he had made numerous factual errors. The chief merit of the Annales lies in its enormous accumulation of sourcessome not previously published. The most useful edition of the Annales is by A. Theiner (37 vol., 186483).