BARTON, CLARA

born Dec. 25, 1821, Oxford, Mass., U.S. died April 12, 1912, Glen Echo, Md. in full Clarissa Harlowe Barton founder of the American Red Cross. Barton was educated at home and began teaching at the age of 15. She attended the Liberal Institute at Clinton, New York (185051), and in 1852 she established in Bordentown, New Jersey, a free school that soon became so large that the townsmen would no longer allow a woman to run it. Rather than subordinate herself to a male principal, Barton resigned. She was then employed by the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C., from 1854 to 1857 and again in 1860. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Barton showed characteristic initiative in organizing facilities to recover soldiers' lost baggage and in securing medicine and supplies for men wounded in the first battle of Bull Run. She gained permission to pass through the battle lines to distribute supplies, search for the missing, and nurse the wounded. Barton carried on this work through the remainder of the Civil War, traveling with the army as far south as Charleston in 1863. In June 1864 she was formally appointed superintendent of nurses for the Army of the James. In 1865, at the request of President Abraham Lincoln, she set up a bureau of records to aid in the search for missing men. While she was in Europe for a rest (186970), the Franco-German War broke out, and Barton again distributed relief supplies to war victims. In Europe she became associated with the International Red Cross, and after her return to the United States in 1873 she campaigned vigorously and successfully for that country to sign the Geneva Convention. The agreement sought to allow for the treating of the sick and wounded in battle, the proper identifying and burial of those killed in battle, and the proper handling of prisoners of war. In 1881 she organized the American Association of the Red Cross, known from 1893 as the American National Red Cross, and served as its president until 1904. She wrote the American amendment to the constitution of the Red Cross, which provides for the distribution of relief not only in war but also in times of such calamities as famines, floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and pestilence. Barton devoted herself entirely to the organization, soliciting contributions and taking to the field with relief workers even as late as the Spanish-American War in Cuba, when she was 77 years old. She was jealous of any interference, however, and supervised the organization's activities so closely that charges of authoritarianism were brought against her by members of the executive council. The Red Cross had been chartered by Congress in 1900, and the rebelling faction used that lever to force Barton's resignation in 1904. Despite the arbitrariness of her administrative methods, her achievements remained; she was affectionately known as the "angel of the battlefield" for her life's work. She wrote several books, including History of the Red Cross (1882), The Red Cross in Peace and War (1899), and The Story of My Childhood (1907). Additional reading Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Clara Barton: Professional Angel (1987), is a biography based on her letters and diaries. David H. Burton, Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity (1995), also covers her life and career. Stephen B. Oates, A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War (1994), focuses on this specific period of her life.