BIENVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE LE MOYNE DE

(baptized Feb. 23, 1680, Montreal, New France [now in Canada]d. March 7, 1767, Paris, Fr.), French explorer, colonial governor of Louisiana, and founder of New Orleans. Jean-Baptiste was the eighth son of Canadian pioneer Charles Le Moyne. He entered the French navy at age 12 and served with his noted elder brother, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, in naval engagements (169697) in Hudson Bay and the North Atlantic during King William's War (War of the Grand Alliance). When the conflict with England ended in 1697, he accompanied his brother on an expedition from France to explore the mouth of the Mississippi River and to plant a colony there. A settlement was founded near the area of modern Biloxi in early 1699, and Bienville was made second in command of the colony when his brother departed in the spring. He explored the lower Mississippi and the Red River (16991700), and, when the colony's leader, one Sauvole, died in 1701, Bienville was commissioned as commandant. In 1702 he moved the colony to Fort Louis on Mobile Bay, and in 1711 it was established at the present site of Mobile, Ala. Bienville remained as commandant of the French colony until 1712 despite numerous complaints against his rule. He was replaced by Antoine Laumet de Lamothe Cadillac, under whom he served as deputy for three years. In 1716 he led a campaign against the Natchez Indians, and two years later, after Cadillac's recall, Bienville was restored to the position of commandant. At that time he founded the settlement of New Orleans on the Mississippi River, and four years later he made that city the new capital of the colony. During his second term as Louisiana commandant, he captured Pensacola from the Spanish and instituted a strict Black Code regulating the conduct of black slaves. When the Company of the Indies, which had been financing Louisiana, became unable to continue its support, Bienville's enemies succeeded in having him recalled to France and dismissed as commandant. He returned as governor in 1733, however, after the colony came under royal control. His final term, which lasted for a decade, was marked by intermittent Indian wars. He voluntarily resigned the governorship in May 1743 and retired to Paris.