BOCCALINI, TRAIANO

born 1556, Loreto, Papal States died Nov. 29, 1613, Venice prose satirist and anti-Spanish political writer, influential in the Europe of his time for a widely circulated satire, Ragguagli di Parnaso (161213; Reports from Parnassus). The son of an architect, Boccalini was educated for the law and spent many years in Rome in the papal service (15841612), becoming acquainted with many eminent men of his day. After 1612 he lived in Venice, where, in contact with the papal nuncio, he was probably occupied with diplomatic activities. Boccalini's political experience is mirrored particularly in Ragguagli di Parnaso, a light and fantastic satire on the actions and writings of his contemporaries, written in the form of 201 ironical newsletters in which the wise men of all centuries, presided over by Apollo, discuss art, literature, and politics. Another series appeared in Pietra del paragone politico (posthumously published, 1614; Political Touchstones), a vigorous denunciation of the Spanish domination of Europe. They were widely translated, the first English version being by Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, and called Advertisements from Parnassus; in Two Centuries with the Politick Touch-stone (1656). This and other European translations influenced Miguel de Cervantes, Joseph Addison, and Jonathan Swift. A weightier work was Commentari sopra Cornelio Tacito (first published 1677; Comments upon Cornelius Tacitus), a discussion of politics and government, offering Machiavellian advice to princes. Religione e ragione di stato (first published 1933; Religion and State Law) is a dialogue concerned with the attitude of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V toward the German Protestants.