BOLTON

town and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, historic county of Lancashire, England. The town of Bolton is at the hub of the borough, which lies in the northwest of the Manchester metropolitan area and rises in the north to the Pennine foothills. By the 16th century Bolton was known for woolen textiles, but by the 18th century cotton had replaced wool, and the production of yarns and fabrics was increasing. Samuel Crompton, a native of Bolton, invented in 1779 the spinning mule, which revolutionized spinning, and Bolton's first spinning mill was opened in 1780. By the mid-19th century Bolton was an important centre for textiles and coal mining as well as papermaking, bleaching, engineering, and a range of other industries. The cotton industry contracted in the 20th century, and the industrial structure diversified so that by the 1960s engineering employed most workers in the borough. Both Firwood Fold, where Samuel Crompton was born, and Hall i'th'Wood, a manor house where he later lived, are preserved, the latter as a museum. William Hesketh Lever, the first Lord Leverhulme, also was born in Bolton, in 1851. Area metropolitan borough, 54 square miles (140 square km). Pop. (1991) town, 139,020; (1998 est.) metropolitan borough, 267,500.