BOLZANO

German Bozen, capital (since 1927) of Bolzano-Bozen provincia, in the Trentino-Alto Adige regione of northern Italy. The city lies at the juncture of the Talvera (Talfer) and Isarco (Eisack) rivers just northeast of their confluence with the Adige (Etsch), north of Trento. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and opens to the south onto a floodplain that is intensively cultivated with vineyards, fruits, and vegetables. Bolzano is sheltered from cold north winds by the surrounding mountains and in consequence is both an agricultural and a tourist centre. Nothing is known of a settlement at the site before the Middle Ages. Held by the counts of Bavaria from 680, Bolzano was given with the rest of the diocese to the bishop of Trent by Conrad II in 1027. Because the city lay along the important trade route from Verona and Trento north to Austria, it was fought over by the bishops of Trent and the counts of Tirol until it was ceded to the counts in 1531. It passed to Bavaria with the rest of the Tirol in 1805 and was united to Austria in 1809 as a result of the rebellion led by the Tirolean patriot Andreas Hofer. Bolzano belonged to the Austrian Empire from 1813 until Italy acquired it in 1918 at the end of World War I. By this time the city's inhabitants had long been largely German-speaking. In the interwar period Italy's fascist government attempted to Italianize the city and provincia by bringing large numbers of Italian settlers into the area, but Bolzano's German-speaking majority continued after World War II to demand either annexation by Austria or more cultural autonomy within Italy; the Italian government granted the latter in legislation in 1947 and 1969. Bolzano was heavily bombed during World War II but was afterward restored, and it preserves its Austrian architectural character. Notable landmarks of the old town include the cathedral; the 14th- and 15th-century parish church; the former Dominican monastery with a frescoed cloister and chapels; and the 14th-century Franciscan church. The 13th-century Mareccio (Maretsch) Castle (with five later towers) houses the municipal archives, and the Roncolo (Runkelstein) Castle contains murals of chivalric subjects from about 1400. There is a music conservatory and a civic museum. A tourist and commercial centre, Bolzano has electrometallurgical and engineering industries and manufactures vehicles and textiles. Other industries include winemaking and the processing of fruits and other food products grown in the adjacent floodplain. Pop. (1991 prelim.) mun., 98,233.