BORN , MARCH 5, 1815, CONSTANTINOPLE, OTTOMAN EMPIRE [NOW ISTANBUL, TUR.]

died Sept. 7, 1871, Constantinople Ottoman grand vizier (chief minister) distinguished for his westernizing reform policies. Together with Mustafa Resid Pasa and Fuad Pasa, he was a main figure of the Tanzimat (Reorganization) period (1839c. 1870) in Ottoman history. The son of a shopkeeper, li Pasa entered government service as a boy. Without formal education, he acquired some knowledge of French, and in 1836 he accompanied a diplomatic mission to Viennathe first of a series of diplomatic assignments that culminated in his appointment as ambassador to London in 1841. After his return he became foreign minister under Mustafa Resid Pasa and took part in the congresses of Vienna (1855) and Paris (1856). He served as grand vizier in 1852, 185556, 185859, 1861, and 186771. li Pasa resisted the sultan's efforts to limit the powers of the grand vizierate; he settled the troubles in Serbia and in Moldavia-Walachia by peaceful means; and, in 1868, he pacified the Cretan revolt by the grant of a measure of local self-government. He was one of the most zealous advocates of friendship with France and Great Britain during the reigns of the sultans Abdlmecid I and Abdlaziz.