BOULE

Greek Boule, deliberative council in ancient Greece. It probably derived from an advisory body of nobles, as reflected in the Homeric poems. A boule existed in virtually every constitutional city-state and is recorded from the end of the 6th century BC at Corinth, Argos, Athens, Chios, and Cyrene. It appeared during a transition to democracy when the aristocratic gerousia (q.v.) was either modified, replaced, or opposed by a new council (the boule). Thus in Athens in 594 BC Solon did not abolish the Areopagite Council but is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly, or Ecclesia (q.v.; Greek ekklesia). Cleisthenes increased the membership of the Athenian Boule to 500 in 508 BC. After the reforms of Cleisthenes, the Athenian Boule was elected by lot every year, except during the brief periods of oligarchic reaction in 411 and 404 BC. Each of Cleisthenes's 10 tribes was provided 50 councillors who were at least 30 years old; a certain number of councillors was allotted to each deme (rural district or village) of the tribe in rough proportion to its size. The functions of the Athenian Boule were defined by the oath for the members, introduced in 501 BC. A man chosen by lot was not obliged to serve. Since poorer citizens might be unwilling to serve, the Boule was dominated by men of property. Property qualifications did not operate, however, before 322 BC. The most important task of the Athenian Boule was to draft the deliberations (probouleumata) for discussion and approval in the Ecclesia. The Boule also directed finances, controlled the maintenance of the fleet and of the cavalry, judged the fitness of the magistrates-elect, received foreign ambassadors, advised the strategoi (see strategus) in military matters, and could be given special powers by the Ecclesia in an emergency. The Boule, even after the reforms of Ephialtes (462), never totally replaced the Areopagus (q.v.) in political importance, however. The Athenian system largely influenced the organization of the councils of other cities in the Hellenistic period, though other types survived or were introduced. The Boeotian League cities operated with four councils: each in turn acted as a boule, preparing the agenda for the other three, which then functioned as a primary assembly. The Delphi Boule split its 30 councillors into two groups, each directing the general conduct of affairs for six months. By the end of the 3rd century AD, with hereditary membership gradually replacing the recruitment of councillors by lot, election, or selection by magistrates, the boule had everywhere become a permanent body and gradually came to resemble the curiae of the Western Roman Empire.