BOULOGNE

in full Boulogne-sur-mer, city and port, Pas-de-Calais dpartement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais rgion, on the coast of northern France, southwest of Calais at the mouth of the Liane River and 28 miles (45 km) across the English Channel from Folkestone, Eng. Boulogne was the Roman harbour of Gesoriacum, later called Bononia. Destroyed by the Normans in 882, it was rebuilt about 912. It was the prize in disputes between Flanders and Ponthieu; it was a Burgundian possession when Louis XI united it to the French crown in 1477. England held it from 1544 to 1550. When it served as Napoleon's port of embarkation for his projected invasion of England, its harbour was subjected to naval bombardment. The British Expeditionary Force administered Boulogne during World War I. The Germans made it a submarine base and part of their anti-invasion West Wall during World War II; damage to the harbour (now rebuilt) was severe. Atop a hill, behind 13th-century ramparts on the east bank of the Liane, stands Haute Ville, the older part of town. The law courts, chteau, town hall, and bell tower (13th and 17th centuries) are behind the old walls. Basse Ville, the modern town at the foot of the hill, was rebuilt after World War II. The industrial zone, Capcure, is on the west bank. The port has an outer, deepwater harbour and an inner harbour for small vessels. Boulogne is an important port for cross-channel passenger and car-ferry traffic and has a considerable import-export trade. It is also the chief fishing port of France, handling mostly herring and mackerel. There are canneries, fish-curing factories, foundries, cement works, and factories making pens, pencils, ropes, canvas, and fishnets. Pop. (1990) 44,244.