BRAAK, MENNO TER

born Jan. 26, 1902, Eibergen, Neth. died May 14, 1940, The Hague Dutch critic whose cutting intellect and challenging of preciousness in art earned him the title of the conscience of Dutch literature. In 1932 ter Braak founded, with Edgar du Perron, the magazine Forum, which called for a rejection of contemporary aestheticism (with its emphasis on elegance and form) and a return to sincerity and substance in content. His main literary essay, with its mastery of irony and distinctively creative style, is Het carnaval der burgers (1930; The Carnival of Citizens). His characteristic Nietzschean mistrust of political and religious dogma is especially evident in Politicus zonder partij (1934; Politician Without a Party) and in Van oude en nieuwe Christenen (1937; Concerning Old and New Christians), which propounds the theory that all mass movements are basically inspired by resentment. Ter Braak's respect for personal freedom and dislike of militarism made him an opponent of Nazism, and when the Germans invaded The Netherlands he committed suicide.