BROWNSON, ORESTES AUGUSTUS

born Sept. 16, 1803, Stockbridge, Vt., U.S. died April 17, 1876, Detroit, Mich. American writer on theological, philosophical, scientific, and sociological subjects. Self-educated and originally a Presbyterian, Brownson subsequently became a Universalist minister (182631); a Unitarian minister (1832); pastor of his own religious organization, the Society for Christian Union and Progress (183642); and, in 1844, a Roman Catholic, which he remained. During the period 183070, he wrote on Calvinism, labour and social reform, Transcendentalism, Roman Catholicism, states' rights, democracy, nativism, and emancipation. Philosophically, he was a moderate follower of the positivist Auguste Comte and the systematic eclectic Victor Cousin. Before his conversion to Roman Catholicism, he supported the views of the British social reformer Robert Owen. His versatility was expressed in mystical poetry and an interest in philosophy and social amelioration. Typical of his many writings are The Spirit-Rapper: An Autobiography (1854); The Convert (1857); and The American Republic (1865), in which he based government on ethics, declaring the national existence to be a moral and even a theocratic entity, not depending for validity upon the sovereignty of the people. Brownson published Brownson's Quarterly Review (184475) as a journal of personal opinion, except for the years 186572. After Brownson's death, his son, Henry F. Brownson, collected and published his Works (18821907) in 20 volumes. In 1955 Alvan S. Ryan issued The Brownson Reader. Additional reading Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Orestes A. Brownson (1939, reissued 1963); Theodore Maynard, Orestes Brownson (1943, reissued 1971); Thomas R. Ryan, Orestes A. Brownson (1976).