BRUSSELS GRIFFON

breed of toy dog developed in late 19th-century Belgium, from the affenpinscher (q.v.) and an ordinary street dog. The Brussels griffon is a sturdily built dog, noted for an intelligent and affectionate nature. It stands about 18 to 20 cm (7 to 8 inches) and weighs 2 to 5 kg (4 to 11 pounds). Typically alert in appearance, it has a domed head, large, dark eyes, a short face, and an upturned nose. The coat may be reddish brown, black, or a combination of the two and appears in two varieties, one rough and wiry and the other smooth. The smooth-coated Brussels griffon is called a Brabanon. History Early settlement and growth Origins The oldest known reference to Brussels dates to the 7th century and has the form Bruocsella, which means settlement in the marshes. The name reflects the fact that the city owes its origin to the establishment, in the 6th century, of a fortified castle on a small island in the Senne River, which flows from south to north, and to an eastwest economic route linking Rhenish towns such as Cologne with Brugge (Bruges), Ypres (Ieper), and other towns in the county of Flanders. At the point where road and river crossed, a market and bartering place developed under the protection of the dukes of Brabant. By the 12th century the settlement was surrounded by defensive ramparts with towers and fortified gateways. During the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries Brussels grew to become one of the major towns of the duchy of Brabant. Its economic mainstay was the manufacture of luxury fabrics, which were exported to fairs in Paris, Venice, the Champagne region of France, and elsewhere. The cloth trade made fortunes for a few enterprising merchant families, who developed into seven dynasties that, with the help of the duke of Brabant, acquired a position of complete political mastery. In control of business and municipal affairs, they also exercised power as magistrates, giving rulings on disputes arising among the inhabitants, as well as acting as a court of appeal for neighbouring areas. The prevailing regime was, in fact, strongly plutocratic in nature. Abuse of such powers provoked violent popular uprisings in 1280, 1303, 1360, and 1421. This last upheaval led to a more equitable system of government, with local powers divided between the patrician families and the emergent guilds of craftsmen and other workers. Gradually, however, the patrician elite regained political control; as late as 1719 a popular revolt led by Frans Anneessens ended with his public execution. Centuries of occupation Events of particular significance in the 14th century were the invasion of the duchy of Brabant by the Count of Flanders' troops, their brief occupation of Brussels, and the construction, immediately after the town's liberation, of huge fortified walls (135779), which survived until the first half of the 19th century. In 1430 the duchy was merged in the possessions of the duke of Burgundy. The Burgundian period, which lasted until 1477, was one of political and artistic prestige. Brussels became the seat of the central administrative bodies for the ducal possessions in the Low Countries, which constituted a rich centre of art and culture. Pictures by Rogier van der Weyden, the officially appointed town painter, sculptures in wood, large tapestries with historical motifs, plate, jewelry, and other products by Brussels craftsmen came to be exported in all directions. Brussels began to beautify itself: by the marketplace, the Town Hall (140254) rose proudly, with its tall perforated steeple surmounted by a statue of the archangel Michael, the city's patron saint. Various Gothic churches and cathedrals and the ducal Coudenberg Palace, with its extensive park, added to the architectural splendour. After a prolonged political crisis caused by an abortive rebellion against the future Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I at the end of the 15th century, Brussels regained its position as a capital during the reign of Charles V (151959). The three government councils (the Council of State, the Privy Council, and the Finance Council) were established there permanently. The city's population grew to nearly 50,000 by the mid-16th century. In 1561 a canal linking Brussels with Willebroek was dug, providing direct access to the Rupel and the Scheldt rivers and thus to the port of Antwerp and the North Sea. Replacing the sandy little Senne river, the Willebroek Canal played an important commercial role. The Reformation did not leave Brussels untouched. Two Lutheran preachers died there at the stake in 1523, the first Protestant martyrs in the Low Countries; many more Lutherans, Anabaptists, and Calvinists followed. During the Revolt of the Netherlands, Brussels was under Calvinist rule from 1578 until 1585, when the southern provinces of the Low Countries (which included modern-day Belgium) separated from the northern provinces (now the Kingdom of The Netherlands), surrendered to the Spanish Habsburgs, and returned to the Roman Catholic fold. The Counter-Reformation and the reign of Archduke Albert and Isabella (15981633) left their mark on the urban surroundings with the construction of a series of fine churches in the Italo-Flemish Baroque style, nearly all of which are still in existence. In the second half of the 17th century there were repeated invasions by the armies of Louis XIV of France. During a bombardment by his troops in 1695, hundreds of buildings were destroyed by fire, including the various craft headquarters. Out of this catastrophe there arose new guildhalls, the architectural landmarks now surrounding the Grand' Place. Brussels suffered a brief but costly occupation by French troops in 174648, but as part of the Austrian Netherlands it profited from the general economic recovery in the latter half of the 18th century, becoming a financial centre and gaining new industries. The upper part of the town was the scene of urban planning on a large scale, which resulted in the Place Royale and Brussels Park. The park is, following the French model, perfectly symmetrical and surrounded by Neoclassical buildings, of which the largest is the Palace of the Nation. Following the Brabant revolt (178890) against the government of Emperor Joseph II of Austria, the French republican armies made their appearance, and the Belgian principalities were annexed to France. During the Napoleonic era, Brussels was reduced to the rank of chief town of the French dpartement of the Dyle, losing in addition all authority over its satellite villages. One of the consequences of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo was the creation of the United Kingdom of The Netherlands. This reunion of the southern and northern provinces, which had been separated in the 16th century, lasted 15 years (181530). During this period Brussels shared the status of capital with The Hague. Its appearance changed appreciably, above all because of the demolition of the city walls (181040) and their replacement by treelined boulevards, as well as the digging of the BrusselsCharleroi Canal, which from 1832 onward made waterborne transport possible from as far as the province of Hainaut to the port of Antwerp via the capital. In 1830 came revolution; Belgium won its independence, and, in the constitution adopted by the National Congress, Brussels, which had played a major role in the uprising against the Dutch, was named the capital of Belgium and the seat of government. As a result, the city's growing political and administrative role enhanced its importance as an economic and financial centre. With a population of more than 123,000 in 1846, it became the central node of Belgium's road and railway network. Its material infrastructure was greatly improved by means of a modern sewage and water supply system (185455), the introduction of public transport, and the development of new residential districts. The fragmented local administration, however, was to be streamlined only partly and gradually, as suburban areas were incorporated into the agglomeration; but the influence of the Brussels elite in Belgian national politics remained predominant throughout the 19th century.